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Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization
Background: There is evidence that non-Italians presented higher incidence of infection and worse health outcomes if compared to native populations in the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to compare Italian- and non-Italian-born health outcomes, accounting for socio-economic levels. Metho...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10418672/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37569061 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156521 |
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author | Gili, Alessio Caminiti, Marta Lupi, Chiara Zichichi, Salvatore Minicucci, Ilaria Pezzotti, Patrizio Primieri, Chiara Bietta, Carla Stracci, Fabrizio |
author_facet | Gili, Alessio Caminiti, Marta Lupi, Chiara Zichichi, Salvatore Minicucci, Ilaria Pezzotti, Patrizio Primieri, Chiara Bietta, Carla Stracci, Fabrizio |
author_sort | Gili, Alessio |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: There is evidence that non-Italians presented higher incidence of infection and worse health outcomes if compared to native populations in the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to compare Italian- and non-Italian-born health outcomes, accounting for socio-economic levels. Methods: We analyzed data relative to 906,463 people in Umbria (Italy) from 21 February 2020 to 31 May 2021. We considered the National Deprivation Index, the Urban–Rural Municipalities Index and the Human Development Index (HDI) of the country of birth. We used a multilevel logistic regression model to explore the influence of these factors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization rates. Diagnosis in the 48 h preceding admission was an indicator of late diagnosis among hospitalized cases. Results: Overall, 54,448 persons tested positive (6%), and 9.7% of them were hospitalized. The risk of hospital admission was higher among non-Italians and was inversely related to the HDI of the country of birth. A diagnosis within 48 h before hospitalization was more frequent among non-Italians and correlated to the HDI level. Conclusions: COVID-19 had unequal health outcomes among the population in Umbria. Reduced access to primary care services in the non-Italian group could explain our findings. Policies on immigrants' access to primary healthcare need to be improved. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10418672 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-104186722023-08-12 Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization Gili, Alessio Caminiti, Marta Lupi, Chiara Zichichi, Salvatore Minicucci, Ilaria Pezzotti, Patrizio Primieri, Chiara Bietta, Carla Stracci, Fabrizio Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Background: There is evidence that non-Italians presented higher incidence of infection and worse health outcomes if compared to native populations in the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to compare Italian- and non-Italian-born health outcomes, accounting for socio-economic levels. Methods: We analyzed data relative to 906,463 people in Umbria (Italy) from 21 February 2020 to 31 May 2021. We considered the National Deprivation Index, the Urban–Rural Municipalities Index and the Human Development Index (HDI) of the country of birth. We used a multilevel logistic regression model to explore the influence of these factors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization rates. Diagnosis in the 48 h preceding admission was an indicator of late diagnosis among hospitalized cases. Results: Overall, 54,448 persons tested positive (6%), and 9.7% of them were hospitalized. The risk of hospital admission was higher among non-Italians and was inversely related to the HDI of the country of birth. A diagnosis within 48 h before hospitalization was more frequent among non-Italians and correlated to the HDI level. Conclusions: COVID-19 had unequal health outcomes among the population in Umbria. Reduced access to primary care services in the non-Italian group could explain our findings. Policies on immigrants' access to primary healthcare need to be improved. MDPI 2023-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC10418672/ /pubmed/37569061 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156521 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Gili, Alessio Caminiti, Marta Lupi, Chiara Zichichi, Salvatore Minicucci, Ilaria Pezzotti, Patrizio Primieri, Chiara Bietta, Carla Stracci, Fabrizio Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization |
title | Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization |
title_full | Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization |
title_fullStr | Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization |
title_full_unstemmed | Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization |
title_short | Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization |
title_sort | socio-economic factors associated with ethnic disparities in sars-cov-2 infection and hospitalization |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10418672/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37569061 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156521 |
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