Diffusion-Weighted Images and Contrast-Enhanced MRI in the Diagnosis of Different Stages of Multiple Sclerosis of the Central Nervous System

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most prevalent disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), and it can be observed in the field of radiological cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The prevalence of MS in Saudi Arabia has increased as compared to the past few years. MRI is the gold standard non-invasive modality of choice in MS diagnosis according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS), New York City. This study aimed to highlight the significance of using diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) and the use of contrast media in the MS protocol, as well as the importance of identifying the suitable time of imaging after contrast enhancement to detect active lesions. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted of 100 MS patients with an age range of 17 to 56 years. The data set included 41 active cases and 59 inactive cases. All patients had an MRI standard protocol of both the brain and spine in addition to DWI sequence and contrast agent (CA) injection, with images taken in early and delayed time. Results Of the patients, 71% were female and 29% were male. Active MS disease was more significant at younger ages than at older ages. Active lesions were significantly enhanced in delayed contrast images and showed high signal intensity in both the DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map, while inactive lesions showed no enhancement after contrast injection and showed an iso-signal intensity in both the DWI and ADC map. Conclusion The use of CA has developed over the years in the diagnosis of MS patients. In this study, the relationship between active lesions, DWI, and delayed contrast enhancement is very strong. In future research, we recommend adding a DWI sequence for the suspected active MS spine lesions in addition to delayed enhancement time in active MS after contrast injection to increase MRI sensitivity toward active MS lesions of the brain and spinal cord as well.