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Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment
In this work, some micro-samples belonging to the open-air rock art site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) were analysed. These samples were collected after and before a desalination treatment was carried out, with the aim of removing a whitish layer of concretion that affected the pain...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10420967/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37570822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155854 |
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author | Costantini, Ilaria Aramendia, Julene Prieto-Taboada, Nagore Arana, Gorka Madariaga, Juan Manuel Ruiz, Juan Francisco |
author_facet | Costantini, Ilaria Aramendia, Julene Prieto-Taboada, Nagore Arana, Gorka Madariaga, Juan Manuel Ruiz, Juan Francisco |
author_sort | Costantini, Ilaria |
collection | PubMed |
description | In this work, some micro-samples belonging to the open-air rock art site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) were analysed. These samples were collected after and before a desalination treatment was carried out, with the aim of removing a whitish layer of concretion that affected the painted panel. The diagnostic study was performed to study the conservation state of the panel, and to then confirm the effectiveness of the treatment. Micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were employed for the characterization of the degradation product as well as that of the mineral substrate and pigments. The micro-samples analysis demonstrated that the painted layer was settled on a dolomitic limestone with silicon aggregates and aluminosilicates as well as iron oxides. The whitish crust was composed by sulfate compounds such as gypsum (CaSO(4)·2H(2)O) with a minor amount of epsomite (MgSO(4)·7H(2)O). An extensive phenomenon of biological activity has been demonstrated since then in almost all of the samples that have been analysed, and the presence of calcium oxalates monohydrate (CaC(2)O(4)·H(2)O) and dehydrate (CaC(2)O(4)·2H(2)O) were found. The presence of both calcium oxalates probably favoured the conservation of the pictographs. In addition, some carotenoids pigments, scytonemin (C(36)H(20)N(2)O(4)), and astaxanthin (C(40)H(52)O(4)) were characterized both by Raman spectroscopy and by X-ray diffraction. Hematite was found as a pigment voluntarily used for the painting of the panels used in a mixture with hydroxyapatite and amorphous carbon. The results of the analyses of the samples taken after the cleaning treatment confirmed a substantial decrease in sulphate formation on the panel surface. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10420967 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-104209672023-08-12 Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment Costantini, Ilaria Aramendia, Julene Prieto-Taboada, Nagore Arana, Gorka Madariaga, Juan Manuel Ruiz, Juan Francisco Molecules Article In this work, some micro-samples belonging to the open-air rock art site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) were analysed. These samples were collected after and before a desalination treatment was carried out, with the aim of removing a whitish layer of concretion that affected the painted panel. The diagnostic study was performed to study the conservation state of the panel, and to then confirm the effectiveness of the treatment. Micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were employed for the characterization of the degradation product as well as that of the mineral substrate and pigments. The micro-samples analysis demonstrated that the painted layer was settled on a dolomitic limestone with silicon aggregates and aluminosilicates as well as iron oxides. The whitish crust was composed by sulfate compounds such as gypsum (CaSO(4)·2H(2)O) with a minor amount of epsomite (MgSO(4)·7H(2)O). An extensive phenomenon of biological activity has been demonstrated since then in almost all of the samples that have been analysed, and the presence of calcium oxalates monohydrate (CaC(2)O(4)·H(2)O) and dehydrate (CaC(2)O(4)·2H(2)O) were found. The presence of both calcium oxalates probably favoured the conservation of the pictographs. In addition, some carotenoids pigments, scytonemin (C(36)H(20)N(2)O(4)), and astaxanthin (C(40)H(52)O(4)) were characterized both by Raman spectroscopy and by X-ray diffraction. Hematite was found as a pigment voluntarily used for the painting of the panels used in a mixture with hydroxyapatite and amorphous carbon. The results of the analyses of the samples taken after the cleaning treatment confirmed a substantial decrease in sulphate formation on the panel surface. MDPI 2023-08-03 /pmc/articles/PMC10420967/ /pubmed/37570822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155854 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Costantini, Ilaria Aramendia, Julene Prieto-Taboada, Nagore Arana, Gorka Madariaga, Juan Manuel Ruiz, Juan Francisco Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment |
title | Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment |
title_full | Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment |
title_fullStr | Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment |
title_full_unstemmed | Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment |
title_short | Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment |
title_sort | study of micro-samples from the open-air rock art site of cueva de la vieja (alpera, albacete, spain) for assessing the performance of a desalination treatment |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10420967/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37570822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155854 |
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