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Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds

[Image: see text] Cryogel-based scaffolds have attracted great attention in tissue engineering due to their interconnected macroporous structures. However, three-dimensional (3D) printing of cryogels with a high degree of precision and complexity is a challenge, since the synthesis of cryogels occur...

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Autores principales: Bilici, Çiğdem, Altunbek, Mine, Afghah, Ferdows, Tatar, Asena G., Koç, Bahattin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: American Chemical Society 2023
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10428093/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37463481
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00751
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author Bilici, Çiğdem
Altunbek, Mine
Afghah, Ferdows
Tatar, Asena G.
Koç, Bahattin
author_facet Bilici, Çiğdem
Altunbek, Mine
Afghah, Ferdows
Tatar, Asena G.
Koç, Bahattin
author_sort Bilici, Çiğdem
collection PubMed
description [Image: see text] Cryogel-based scaffolds have attracted great attention in tissue engineering due to their interconnected macroporous structures. However, three-dimensional (3D) printing of cryogels with a high degree of precision and complexity is a challenge, since the synthesis of cryogels occurs under cryogenic conditions. In this study, we demonstrated the fabrication of cryogel-based scaffolds for the first time by using an embedded printing technique. A photo-cross-linkable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based ink composition, including alginate and photoinitiator, was printed into a nanoclay-based support bath. The layer-by-layer extruded ink was held in complex and overhanging structures with the help of pre-cross-linking of alginate with Ca(2+) present in the support bath. The printed 3D structures in the support bath were frozen, and then GelMA was cross-linked at a subzero temperature under UV light. The printed and cross-linked structures were successfully recovered from the support bath with an integrated shape complexity. SEM images showed the formation of a 3D printed scaffold where porous GelMA cryogel was integrated between the cross-linked alginate hydrogels. In addition, they showed excellent shape recovery under uniaxial compression cycles of up to 80% strain. In vitro studies showed that the human fibroblast cells attached to the 3D printed scaffold and displayed spread morphology with a high proliferation rate. The results revealed that the embedded 3D printing technique enables the fabrication of cytocompatible cryogel based scaffolds with desired morphology and mechanical behavior using photo-cross-linkable bioink composition. The properties of the cryogels can be modified by varying the GelMA concentration, whereby various shapes of scaffolds can be fabricated to meet the specific requirements of tissue engineering applications.
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spelling pubmed-104280932023-08-17 Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds Bilici, Çiğdem Altunbek, Mine Afghah, Ferdows Tatar, Asena G. Koç, Bahattin ACS Biomater Sci Eng [Image: see text] Cryogel-based scaffolds have attracted great attention in tissue engineering due to their interconnected macroporous structures. However, three-dimensional (3D) printing of cryogels with a high degree of precision and complexity is a challenge, since the synthesis of cryogels occurs under cryogenic conditions. In this study, we demonstrated the fabrication of cryogel-based scaffolds for the first time by using an embedded printing technique. A photo-cross-linkable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based ink composition, including alginate and photoinitiator, was printed into a nanoclay-based support bath. The layer-by-layer extruded ink was held in complex and overhanging structures with the help of pre-cross-linking of alginate with Ca(2+) present in the support bath. The printed 3D structures in the support bath were frozen, and then GelMA was cross-linked at a subzero temperature under UV light. The printed and cross-linked structures were successfully recovered from the support bath with an integrated shape complexity. SEM images showed the formation of a 3D printed scaffold where porous GelMA cryogel was integrated between the cross-linked alginate hydrogels. In addition, they showed excellent shape recovery under uniaxial compression cycles of up to 80% strain. In vitro studies showed that the human fibroblast cells attached to the 3D printed scaffold and displayed spread morphology with a high proliferation rate. The results revealed that the embedded 3D printing technique enables the fabrication of cytocompatible cryogel based scaffolds with desired morphology and mechanical behavior using photo-cross-linkable bioink composition. The properties of the cryogels can be modified by varying the GelMA concentration, whereby various shapes of scaffolds can be fabricated to meet the specific requirements of tissue engineering applications. American Chemical Society 2023-07-18 /pmc/articles/PMC10428093/ /pubmed/37463481 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00751 Text en © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Bilici, Çiğdem
Altunbek, Mine
Afghah, Ferdows
Tatar, Asena G.
Koç, Bahattin
Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds
title Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds
title_full Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds
title_fullStr Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds
title_full_unstemmed Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds
title_short Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds
title_sort embedded 3d printing of cryogel-based scaffolds
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10428093/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37463481
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00751
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