Using Augmented Reality for Intraoperative Guidance During Sacral Neuromodulation System Implantation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of using augmented reality during lead placement for sacral nerve stimulation (SNS). METHODS: The study was a prospective case series performed in a single tertiary center. Patients with fecal incontinence or urinary retention eligible for SNS according to the American society of colon and rectal surgeon’s guidelines were included. Each patient underwent a computerized tomography scan of the sacrum and pelvic floor before surgery; and a segmentation of the sacral bone, the skin, and three fiducial markers on the lower back was produced. Surgical planning included the design of an ideal virtual transmission tract leading to the S3 foramen using the most suitable location and needle trajectory for introducing the lead. During the surgical intervention, a needle was inserted into the S3 foramen using the aligned tract as visualized using the Microsoft HoloLens first generation head mounted unit. RESULTS: Overall, 11 patients were included. Mean operative time was 43.8 minutes (range 25–81 minutes). All patients reported a significant reduction from the preoperative level of the mean postoperative Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score (CCIS) assessed 2 weeks after the temporary SNS implant (CCIS preoperative 13.3, postoperative 8.5; CI –7.35 to –2.25; P < 0.01). The surgeons reported the imaging useful, allowing accurate and easier approach. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative augmented reality imaging for needle application during SNS appears to be feasible, practical, and may be useful in additional procedures.