Dataset of fluoride concentration and health risk assessment in drinking water in the Saveh City of Markazi Province, Iran

This study aims at analyzing fluoride levels in water sources and drinking water in Saveh City, with a focus on health risks assessment. Excessive fluoride concentrations (above 2 to 4 mg/L) can lead to skeletal issues, dental fluorosis, and brain damage, while low concentrations (below 0.7-1.5 mg/L depending on temperature) can harm tooth health and strength. For drinking water consumptions, centralized and decentralized desalination units were utilized from, Saveh's brackish water. In this research study a total of 63 samples were collected randomly from underground and surface water sources, distribution networks, and desalination units during both Winter and Summer seasons. Fluoride analysis was conducted using the spectrophotometric method with the DR6000 device and SPADNS reagent. The results indicated that during winter, average fluoride concentrations in underground water, water treatment plant output, distribution network, centralized desalination unit output, and decentralized desalination unit output were 0.67, 0.64, 0.62, 0.064, and 0.07 mg/L, respectively. In summer, the average concentrations were 0.79, 0.75, 0.71, 0.04, and 0.07 mg/L, respectively. For desalinated water produced by centralized desalination units during the summer season, the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values for fluoride in different age groups, including infants, children, teenagers, and adults, were found to be 0.0003, 0.0023, 0.0016, and 0.0013 mg/kg, respectively. Health risk assessment data indicated Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for fluoride in these age groups were 0.005, 0.037, 0.026, and 0.02, respectively. Similar values were observed in the winter data. However, it is important to note that the fluoride concentration in Saveh's drinking water is nearly zero, and the absence of fluoride in desalinated drinking water can have a negative impact on dental health. Therefore, it is crucial to address the lack of fluoride in the drinking water of this city.