Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Outer Membrane Vesicles from Fusobacterium nucleatum Cultivated in the Mimic Cancer Environment

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative bacterium that has been identified as an important pathogenic gut bacterium associated with colorectal cancer. Compared with the normal intestine, the pH value of the tumor microenvironment is weakly acidic. The metabolic changes of F. nucleatum in the tumor microenvironment, especially the protein composition of its outer membrane vesicles, remain unclear. Here, we systematically analyzed the effect of environmental pH on the proteome of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from F. nucleatum by tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling–high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 991 proteins were identified in acidic OMVs (aOMVs) and neutral OMVs (nOMVs), including known virulence proteins and putative virulence proteins. Finally, 306 upregulated proteins and 360 downregulated proteins were detected in aOMVs, and approximately 70% of the expression of OMV proteins was altered under acidic conditions. A total of 29 autotransporters were identified in F. nucleatum OMVs, and 13 autotransporters were upregulated in aOMVs. Interestingly, three upregulated autotransporters (D5REI9, D5RD69, and D5RBW2) show homology to the known virulence factor Fap2, suggesting that they may be involved in various pathogenic pathways such as the pathway for binding with colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, we found that more than 70% of MORN2 domain-containing proteins may have toxic effects on host cells. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses demonstrated that a number of proteins were significantly enriched in multiple pathways involving fatty acid synthesis and butyrate synthesis. Seven metabolic enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism pathways were identified in the proteomic data, of which 5 were upregulated and 2 were downregulated in aOMVs, while 14 metabolic enzymes involved in the butyric acid metabolic pathway were downregulated in aOMVs. In conclusion, we found a key difference in virulence proteins and pathways in the outer membrane vesicles of F. nucleatum between the tumor microenvironment pH and normal intestinal pH, which provides new clues for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. IMPORTANCE F. nucleatum is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium that can be enriched in colorectal cancer tissues, affecting multiple stages of colorectal cancer development. OMVs have been demonstrated to play key roles in pathogenesis by delivering toxins and other virulence factors to host cells. By employing quantitative proteomic analysis, we found that the pH conditions could affect the protein expression of the outer membrane vesicles of F. nucleatum. Under acidic conditions, approximately 70% of the expression of proteins in OMVs was altered. Several virulence factors, such as type 5a secreted autotransporter (T5aSSs) and membrane occupation and recognition nexus (MORN) domain-containing proteins, were upregulated under acidic conditions. A large number of proteins showed significant enrichments in multiple pathways involving fatty acid synthesis and butyrate synthesis. Proteomics analysis of the outer membrane vesicles secreted by pathogenic bacteria in the acidic tumor microenvironment is of great significance for elucidating the pathogenicity mechanism and its application in vaccine and drug delivery vehicles.