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Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review
INTRODUCTION: Extended reality (XR) is an umbrella term for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), both novel vectors for therapeutic intervention modalities. In VR, head-mounted devices (HMD) allow interaction with three-dimensional virtual environments and simulated avatars, while AR ove...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10436301/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37599868 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1208287 |
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author | Holopainen, Roope Tiihonen, Jari Lähteenvuo, Markku |
author_facet | Holopainen, Roope Tiihonen, Jari Lähteenvuo, Markku |
author_sort | Holopainen, Roope |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Extended reality (XR) is an umbrella term for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), both novel vectors for therapeutic intervention modalities. In VR, head-mounted devices (HMD) allow interaction with three-dimensional virtual environments and simulated avatars, while AR overlaps virtual, simulated objects to observe physical reality. Treatment through immersive VR has been studied in psychiatry, including patients suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders, while there has not been much attention to AR technologies in psychiatry. Our systematic review aimed to examine the currently available literature regarding the treatment efficacy of immersive VR or AR technologies on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, screen for potential adverse effects, and gather data on the technological and human resource requirements of such interventions to help guide future research. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review with database searches carried out between 9/2021 and 8/2022 through PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier, and Web of Science. RESULTS: We identified 2,157 records, 214 were assessed further for eligibility and 12 met inclusion criteria. All included articles studied immersive VR and none used AR technology. Included studies were heterogenous in nature, including AVATAR therapy (3) and CBT-based (5) VR interventions, as well as cognitive (2), social (1), and relaxation (1) training through VR. The comparison groups were either passive controls (waitlist and treatment as usual), therapeutic interventions (CBT and Integrated psychological treatment), passive VR environments, or traditional, comparable, non-virtual treatment modalities (social roleplay and progressive muscle relaxation training). Pooled together, the included studies on VR show positive treatment effects in all major symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders with hardly any adverse effects related to the intervention modalities. CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we have showcased how different symptom domains can be targeted through VR interventions, highlighting VR as a potential new vector for a diverse range of psychosocial therapeutic modalities that allow for completely new possibilities in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. VR technology still requires more research and validation. Our review also shows that there are currently no studies examining AR technology in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, indicating a distinctive research gap. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10436301 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-104363012023-08-19 Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review Holopainen, Roope Tiihonen, Jari Lähteenvuo, Markku Front Psychiatry Psychiatry INTRODUCTION: Extended reality (XR) is an umbrella term for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), both novel vectors for therapeutic intervention modalities. In VR, head-mounted devices (HMD) allow interaction with three-dimensional virtual environments and simulated avatars, while AR overlaps virtual, simulated objects to observe physical reality. Treatment through immersive VR has been studied in psychiatry, including patients suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders, while there has not been much attention to AR technologies in psychiatry. Our systematic review aimed to examine the currently available literature regarding the treatment efficacy of immersive VR or AR technologies on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, screen for potential adverse effects, and gather data on the technological and human resource requirements of such interventions to help guide future research. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review with database searches carried out between 9/2021 and 8/2022 through PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier, and Web of Science. RESULTS: We identified 2,157 records, 214 were assessed further for eligibility and 12 met inclusion criteria. All included articles studied immersive VR and none used AR technology. Included studies were heterogenous in nature, including AVATAR therapy (3) and CBT-based (5) VR interventions, as well as cognitive (2), social (1), and relaxation (1) training through VR. The comparison groups were either passive controls (waitlist and treatment as usual), therapeutic interventions (CBT and Integrated psychological treatment), passive VR environments, or traditional, comparable, non-virtual treatment modalities (social roleplay and progressive muscle relaxation training). Pooled together, the included studies on VR show positive treatment effects in all major symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders with hardly any adverse effects related to the intervention modalities. CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we have showcased how different symptom domains can be targeted through VR interventions, highlighting VR as a potential new vector for a diverse range of psychosocial therapeutic modalities that allow for completely new possibilities in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. VR technology still requires more research and validation. Our review also shows that there are currently no studies examining AR technology in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, indicating a distinctive research gap. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC10436301/ /pubmed/37599868 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1208287 Text en Copyright © 2023 Holopainen, Tiihonen and Lähteenvuo. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychiatry Holopainen, Roope Tiihonen, Jari Lähteenvuo, Markku Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review |
title | Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review |
title_full | Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review |
title_fullStr | Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review |
title_full_unstemmed | Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review |
title_short | Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review |
title_sort | efficacy of immersive extended reality (xr) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. a systematic review |
topic | Psychiatry |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10436301/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37599868 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1208287 |
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