Association of Metformin and Other Diabetes Medication Use and the Development of New-Onset Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Case–Control Study

PURPOSE: To investigate if metformin use is associated with decreased odds of developing new non-neovascular (“dry”) age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Case–control study examining 194,135 cases with diagnoses of new-onset AMD between 2008 and 2017 and 193,990 matched controls in the Merative MarketScan Research Databases. The diabetic subgroup included 49,988 cases and 49,460 controls. Multivariable conditional logistic regressions identified the risks of exposures on the development of dry AMD. Main outcome measures were odds ratios (ORs) of developing dry AMD with metformin use. RESULTS: In multivariable conditional logistic regression, any metformin use was associated with decreased odds of developing dry AMD (OR = 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95–0.99). This protective effect was noted for cumulative 2-year doses of metformin of 1 to 270 g (OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90–0.97) and 271 to 600 g (OR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89–0.96). In a diabetic subgroup, metformin use below 601 g per 2 years decreased the odds of developing dry AMD (1–270 g: OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91–0.99; 271–600 g: OR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89–0.96). Unlike in diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy had decreased odds of developing dry AMD with any metformin use (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94–0.998) and cumulative two-year doses of 1 to 270 g (OR 0.96; 95% CI, 0.91–0.998) and 271 to 600 g (OR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Metformin use was associated with decreased odds of developing dry AMD. The protective effect was observed for cumulative 2-year doses below 601 g. In diabetics, this association persisted, specifically in those without diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, metformin may be a strategy to prevent development of dry AMD.