Roles of plant hormones in thermomorphogenesis

Global warming has great impacts on plant growth and development, as well as ecological distribution. Plants constantly perceive environmental temperatures and adjust their growth and development programs accordingly to cope with the environment under non-lethal warm temperature conditions. Plant hormones are endogenous bioactive chemicals that play central roles in plant growth, developmental, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we summarize the important roles of plant hormones, including auxin, brassinosteroids (BRs), Gibberellins (GAs), ethylene (ET), and jasmonates (JAs), in regulating plant growth under warm temperature conditions. This provides a picture on how plants sense and transduce the warm temperature signals to regulate downstream gene expression for controlling plant growth under warm temperature conditions via hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways.