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Using a Sweating Residuum/socket Interface Simulator for the Evaluation of Sweat Management Liners in Lower Limb Prosthetics

BACKGROUND: Lab-based simulators can help to reduce variability in prosthetics research. However, they have not yet been used to investigate the effects of sweating at the residuum-liner interface. This work sought to create and validate a simulator to replicate the mechanics of residual limb perspi...

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Autores principales: McGrath, M, Davies, K.C., Gallego, A, Laszczak, P, Tang, J, Zahedi, S, Moser, D
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Canadian Online Publication Group 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443463/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37614936
http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v4i1.35213
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author McGrath, M
Davies, K.C.
Gallego, A
Laszczak, P
Tang, J
Zahedi, S
Moser, D
author_facet McGrath, M
Davies, K.C.
Gallego, A
Laszczak, P
Tang, J
Zahedi, S
Moser, D
author_sort McGrath, M
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Lab-based simulators can help to reduce variability in prosthetics research. However, they have not yet been used to investigate the effects of sweating at the residuum-liner interface. This work sought to create and validate a simulator to replicate the mechanics of residual limb perspiration. The developed apparatus was used to assess the effects of perspiration and different liner designs. METHODOLOGY: By scanning a cast, an artificial residuum was manufactured using a 3D-printed, transtibial bone model encased in silicone, moulded with pores. The pores allowed water to emit from the residuum surface, simulating sweating. Dry and sweating cyclic tests were performed by applying compressive and tensile loading, while measuring the displacement of the residuum relative to the socket. Tests were conducted using standard and perforated liners. FINDINGS: Although maximum displacement varied between test setups, its variance was low (coefficient of variation <1%) and consistent between dry tests. For unperforated liners, sweating increased the standard deviation of maximum displacement approximately threefold (0.04mm v 0.12mm, p<0.001). However, with the perforated liner, sweating had little effect on standard deviation compared to dry tests (0.04mm v 0.04mm, p=0.497). CONCLUSIONS: The test apparatus was effective at simulating the effect of perspiration at the residual limb. Moisture at the skin-liner interface can lead to inconsistent mechanics. Perforated liners help to remove sweat from the skin-liner interface, thereby mitigating these effects.
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spelling pubmed-104434632023-08-23 Using a Sweating Residuum/socket Interface Simulator for the Evaluation of Sweat Management Liners in Lower Limb Prosthetics McGrath, M Davies, K.C. Gallego, A Laszczak, P Tang, J Zahedi, S Moser, D Can Prosthet Orthot J Technical/Clinical Note BACKGROUND: Lab-based simulators can help to reduce variability in prosthetics research. However, they have not yet been used to investigate the effects of sweating at the residuum-liner interface. This work sought to create and validate a simulator to replicate the mechanics of residual limb perspiration. The developed apparatus was used to assess the effects of perspiration and different liner designs. METHODOLOGY: By scanning a cast, an artificial residuum was manufactured using a 3D-printed, transtibial bone model encased in silicone, moulded with pores. The pores allowed water to emit from the residuum surface, simulating sweating. Dry and sweating cyclic tests were performed by applying compressive and tensile loading, while measuring the displacement of the residuum relative to the socket. Tests were conducted using standard and perforated liners. FINDINGS: Although maximum displacement varied between test setups, its variance was low (coefficient of variation <1%) and consistent between dry tests. For unperforated liners, sweating increased the standard deviation of maximum displacement approximately threefold (0.04mm v 0.12mm, p<0.001). However, with the perforated liner, sweating had little effect on standard deviation compared to dry tests (0.04mm v 0.04mm, p=0.497). CONCLUSIONS: The test apparatus was effective at simulating the effect of perspiration at the residual limb. Moisture at the skin-liner interface can lead to inconsistent mechanics. Perforated liners help to remove sweat from the skin-liner interface, thereby mitigating these effects. Canadian Online Publication Group 2021-03-19 /pmc/articles/PMC10443463/ /pubmed/37614936 http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v4i1.35213 Text en Copyright (c) 2021, Michael McGrath, KC Davies, Ana Gallego, Piotr Laszczak, Jinghua Tang, Saeed Zahedi, David Moser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Technical/Clinical Note
McGrath, M
Davies, K.C.
Gallego, A
Laszczak, P
Tang, J
Zahedi, S
Moser, D
Using a Sweating Residuum/socket Interface Simulator for the Evaluation of Sweat Management Liners in Lower Limb Prosthetics
title Using a Sweating Residuum/socket Interface Simulator for the Evaluation of Sweat Management Liners in Lower Limb Prosthetics
title_full Using a Sweating Residuum/socket Interface Simulator for the Evaluation of Sweat Management Liners in Lower Limb Prosthetics
title_fullStr Using a Sweating Residuum/socket Interface Simulator for the Evaluation of Sweat Management Liners in Lower Limb Prosthetics
title_full_unstemmed Using a Sweating Residuum/socket Interface Simulator for the Evaluation of Sweat Management Liners in Lower Limb Prosthetics
title_short Using a Sweating Residuum/socket Interface Simulator for the Evaluation of Sweat Management Liners in Lower Limb Prosthetics
title_sort using a sweating residuum/socket interface simulator for the evaluation of sweat management liners in lower limb prosthetics
topic Technical/Clinical Note
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443463/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37614936
http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v4i1.35213
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