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Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background and aims: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes and represents the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for DR in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with and without diabetic nephropat...

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Autores principales: Bulum, Tomislav, Tomić, Martina, Vrabec, Romano, Brkljačić, Neva, Ljubić, Spomenka
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10452473/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37626738
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082242
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author Bulum, Tomislav
Tomić, Martina
Vrabec, Romano
Brkljačić, Neva
Ljubić, Spomenka
author_facet Bulum, Tomislav
Tomić, Martina
Vrabec, Romano
Brkljačić, Neva
Ljubić, Spomenka
author_sort Bulum, Tomislav
collection PubMed
description Background and aims: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes and represents the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for DR in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with and without diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: A total of 160 patients with T2DM were included in the study. Photodocumented retinopathy status was determined according to the EURODIAB protocol. Renal function was determined using creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Binary univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the main predictors of DR. Results: The prevalence of DR in this studied sample was 46.3%. No significant correlation was observed between DR and age, body mass index, serum lipids, and renal function. Binary logistic regression analysis (no DR/DR) showed that longer diabetes duration (p = 0.008), poor glycemic control (HbA1c) (p = 0.008), higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.003) were the main predictors of DR in patients with T2DM. However, the influence of systolic blood pressure (AOR = 1.06, p = 0.004) and diastolic blood pressure (AOR = 1.12, p = 0.007) on DR development remained significant even after adjustment for diabetes duration and HbA1c. Conclusions: Our results suggest that systolic and diastolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for DR in patients with T2DM.
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spelling pubmed-104524732023-08-26 Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Bulum, Tomislav Tomić, Martina Vrabec, Romano Brkljačić, Neva Ljubić, Spomenka Biomedicines Article Background and aims: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes and represents the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for DR in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with and without diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: A total of 160 patients with T2DM were included in the study. Photodocumented retinopathy status was determined according to the EURODIAB protocol. Renal function was determined using creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Binary univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the main predictors of DR. Results: The prevalence of DR in this studied sample was 46.3%. No significant correlation was observed between DR and age, body mass index, serum lipids, and renal function. Binary logistic regression analysis (no DR/DR) showed that longer diabetes duration (p = 0.008), poor glycemic control (HbA1c) (p = 0.008), higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.003) were the main predictors of DR in patients with T2DM. However, the influence of systolic blood pressure (AOR = 1.06, p = 0.004) and diastolic blood pressure (AOR = 1.12, p = 0.007) on DR development remained significant even after adjustment for diabetes duration and HbA1c. Conclusions: Our results suggest that systolic and diastolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for DR in patients with T2DM. MDPI 2023-08-10 /pmc/articles/PMC10452473/ /pubmed/37626738 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082242 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Bulum, Tomislav
Tomić, Martina
Vrabec, Romano
Brkljačić, Neva
Ljubić, Spomenka
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
title Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
title_full Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
title_fullStr Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
title_full_unstemmed Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
title_short Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
title_sort systolic and diastolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10452473/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37626738
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082242
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