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Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Carotid artery stenosis (CAS), an atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery, is one of the leading causes of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and cerebrovascular attacks (CVA). The atherogenic process of CAS affects a wide range of physiological processes, such as inflammation, endothelial cell...

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Autores principales: Khan, Hamzah, Shaikh, Farah, Syed, Muzammil H., Mamdani, Muhammad, Saposnik, Gustavo, Qadura, Mohammad
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10456624/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37623863
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13080919
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author Khan, Hamzah
Shaikh, Farah
Syed, Muzammil H.
Mamdani, Muhammad
Saposnik, Gustavo
Qadura, Mohammad
author_facet Khan, Hamzah
Shaikh, Farah
Syed, Muzammil H.
Mamdani, Muhammad
Saposnik, Gustavo
Qadura, Mohammad
author_sort Khan, Hamzah
collection PubMed
description Carotid artery stenosis (CAS), an atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery, is one of the leading causes of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and cerebrovascular attacks (CVA). The atherogenic process of CAS affects a wide range of physiological processes, such as inflammation, endothelial cell function, smooth muscle cell migration and many more. The current gold-standard test for CAS is Doppler ultrasound; however, there is yet to be determined a strong, clinically validated biomarker in the blood that can diagnose patients with CAS and/or predict adverse outcomes in such patients. In this comprehensive literature review, we evaluated all of the current research on plasma and serum proteins that are current contenders for biomarkers for CAS. In this literature review, 36 proteins found as potential biomarkers for CAS were categorized in to the following nine categories based on protein function: (1) Inflammation and Immunity, (2) Lipid Metabolism, (3) Haemostasis, (4) Cardiovascular Markers, (5) Markers of Kidney Function, (6) Bone Health, (7) Cellular Structure, (8) Growth Factors, and (9) Hormones. This literature review is the most up-to-date and current comprehensive review of research on biomarkers of CAS, and the only review that demonstrated the several pathways that contribute to the initiation and progression of the disease. With this review, future studies can determine if any new markers, or a panel of the proteins explored in this study, may be contenders as diagnostic or prognostic markers for CAS.
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spelling pubmed-104566242023-08-26 Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature Khan, Hamzah Shaikh, Farah Syed, Muzammil H. Mamdani, Muhammad Saposnik, Gustavo Qadura, Mohammad Metabolites Systematic Review Carotid artery stenosis (CAS), an atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery, is one of the leading causes of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and cerebrovascular attacks (CVA). The atherogenic process of CAS affects a wide range of physiological processes, such as inflammation, endothelial cell function, smooth muscle cell migration and many more. The current gold-standard test for CAS is Doppler ultrasound; however, there is yet to be determined a strong, clinically validated biomarker in the blood that can diagnose patients with CAS and/or predict adverse outcomes in such patients. In this comprehensive literature review, we evaluated all of the current research on plasma and serum proteins that are current contenders for biomarkers for CAS. In this literature review, 36 proteins found as potential biomarkers for CAS were categorized in to the following nine categories based on protein function: (1) Inflammation and Immunity, (2) Lipid Metabolism, (3) Haemostasis, (4) Cardiovascular Markers, (5) Markers of Kidney Function, (6) Bone Health, (7) Cellular Structure, (8) Growth Factors, and (9) Hormones. This literature review is the most up-to-date and current comprehensive review of research on biomarkers of CAS, and the only review that demonstrated the several pathways that contribute to the initiation and progression of the disease. With this review, future studies can determine if any new markers, or a panel of the proteins explored in this study, may be contenders as diagnostic or prognostic markers for CAS. MDPI 2023-08-05 /pmc/articles/PMC10456624/ /pubmed/37623863 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13080919 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Systematic Review
Khan, Hamzah
Shaikh, Farah
Syed, Muzammil H.
Mamdani, Muhammad
Saposnik, Gustavo
Qadura, Mohammad
Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
title Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
title_full Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
title_fullStr Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
title_full_unstemmed Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
title_short Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
title_sort current biomarkers for carotid artery stenosis: a comprehensive review of the literature
topic Systematic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10456624/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37623863
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13080919
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