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Establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens
Obligate intracellular pathogens occupy one of two niches – free in the host cell cytoplasm or confined in a membrane-bound vacuole. Pathogens occupying membrane-bound vacuoles are sequestered from the innate immune system and have an extra layer of protection from antimicrobial drugs. However, this...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10461009/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37645379 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206037 |
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author | Clemente, Tatiana M. Angara, Rajendra K. Gilk, Stacey D. |
author_facet | Clemente, Tatiana M. Angara, Rajendra K. Gilk, Stacey D. |
author_sort | Clemente, Tatiana M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Obligate intracellular pathogens occupy one of two niches – free in the host cell cytoplasm or confined in a membrane-bound vacuole. Pathogens occupying membrane-bound vacuoles are sequestered from the innate immune system and have an extra layer of protection from antimicrobial drugs. However, this lifestyle presents several challenges. First, the bacteria must obtain membrane or membrane components to support vacuole expansion and provide space for the increasing bacteria numbers during the log phase of replication. Second, the vacuole microenvironment must be suitable for the unique metabolic needs of the pathogen. Third, as most obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens have undergone genomic reduction and are not capable of full metabolic independence, the bacteria must have mechanisms to obtain essential nutrients and resources from the host cell. Finally, because they are separated from the host cell by the vacuole membrane, the bacteria must possess mechanisms to manipulate the host cell, typically through a specialized secretion system which crosses the vacuole membrane. While there are common themes, each bacterial pathogen utilizes unique approach to establishing and maintaining their intracellular niches. In this review, we focus on the vacuole-bound intracellular niches of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Coxiella burnetii. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10461009 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-104610092023-08-29 Establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens Clemente, Tatiana M. Angara, Rajendra K. Gilk, Stacey D. Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Obligate intracellular pathogens occupy one of two niches – free in the host cell cytoplasm or confined in a membrane-bound vacuole. Pathogens occupying membrane-bound vacuoles are sequestered from the innate immune system and have an extra layer of protection from antimicrobial drugs. However, this lifestyle presents several challenges. First, the bacteria must obtain membrane or membrane components to support vacuole expansion and provide space for the increasing bacteria numbers during the log phase of replication. Second, the vacuole microenvironment must be suitable for the unique metabolic needs of the pathogen. Third, as most obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens have undergone genomic reduction and are not capable of full metabolic independence, the bacteria must have mechanisms to obtain essential nutrients and resources from the host cell. Finally, because they are separated from the host cell by the vacuole membrane, the bacteria must possess mechanisms to manipulate the host cell, typically through a specialized secretion system which crosses the vacuole membrane. While there are common themes, each bacterial pathogen utilizes unique approach to establishing and maintaining their intracellular niches. In this review, we focus on the vacuole-bound intracellular niches of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Coxiella burnetii. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-08-14 /pmc/articles/PMC10461009/ /pubmed/37645379 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206037 Text en Copyright © 2023 Clemente, Angara and Gilk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cellular and Infection Microbiology Clemente, Tatiana M. Angara, Rajendra K. Gilk, Stacey D. Establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens |
title | Establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens |
title_full | Establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens |
title_fullStr | Establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens |
title_full_unstemmed | Establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens |
title_short | Establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens |
title_sort | establishing the intracellular niche of obligate intracellular vacuolar pathogens |
topic | Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10461009/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37645379 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206037 |
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