National Patterns in Utilization of Knee and Hip Arthroscopy: An Analysis of Racial, Ethnic, and Geographic Disparities in the United States

BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic disparities in the field of orthopaedic surgery have been reported extensively across many subspecialties. However, these data remain relatively sparse in orthopaedic sports medicine, especially with respect to commonly performed procedures including knee and hip arthroscopy. PURPOSE: To assess (1) differences in utilization of knee and hip arthroscopy between White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander patients in the United States (US) and (2) how these differences vary by geographical region. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: The study sample was acquired from the 2019 National Ambulatory Surgery Sample database. Racial and ethnic differences in age-standardized utilization rates of hip and knee arthroscopy were calculated using survey weights and population estimates from US census data. Poisson regression was used to model age-standardized utilization rates for hip and knee arthroscopy while controlling for several demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS: During the study period, rates of knee arthroscopy utilization among White patients were significantly higher than those of Black, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander patients (ie, per 100,000, White: 180.5, Black: 113.2, Hispanic: 122.2, and Asian: 58.6). Disparities were even more pronounced among patients undergoing hip arthroscopy, with White patients receiving the procedure at almost 4 to 5 times higher rates (ie, per 100,000, White: 12.6, Black: 3.2, Hispanic: 2.3, Asian or Pacific Islander: 1.8). Disparities in knee and hip arthroscopy utilization between White and non-White patients varied significantly by region, with gaps in knee arthroscopy being most pronounced in the Midwest (adjusted rate ratio, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.9-2.1]) and those in hip arthroscopy being greatest in the West (adjusted rate ratio, 5.3 [95% CI, 4.9-5.6]). CONCLUSION: Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of knee and hip arthroscopy were found across the US, with decreased rates among Black, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander patients compared with White patients. Disparities were most pronounced in the Midwest and South and greater for hip than knee arthroscopy, possibly demonstrating emerging inequality in a rapidly growing and evolving procedure across the country.