Modeling adsorption and photocatalytic treatment of recalcitrant contaminant on multi-walled carbon/TiO(2) nanocomposite

A nanocomposite photocatalyst consisting of titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been successfully prepared and used for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with tetracycline (TC), a recalcitrant antibiotic pollutant. The TiO(2)/MCNT composites were prepared by a simple evaporation-drying method. The properties of MWCNT/TiO(2) were optimized by dispersing different amounts of TiO(2) onto MWCNT. The structural and optical characteristics of the nano-engineered photocatalyst composite were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Photocatalytic degradation of TC was conducted in a quartz glass reactor. Different kinetic models were used to demonstrate the governing mechanisms. The findings revealed that the TiO(2)/MWCNT composite had enhanced photocatalytic activity (95% TC removal) compared to TiO(2) (86% removal). The photocatalyst nanocomposite exhibited overall pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics and favored the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Although up to 95% degradation of TC was achieved, only 75% of it was mineralized as a result of the formation of stable refractory intermediates.