Prostate cancer cells synergistically defend against CD8 (+) T cells by secreting exosomal PD‐L1

BACKGROUND: Metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains fatal and incurable, despite a variety of treatments that can delay disease progression and prolong life. Immune checkpoint therapy is a promising treatment. However, emerging evidence suggests that exosomal programmed necrosis ligand 1 (PD‐L1) directly binds to PD‐1 on the surface of T cells in the drain lineage lymph nodes or neutralizes administered PD‐L1 antibodies, resulting in poor response to anti‐PD‐L1 therapy in mCRPC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to compare PD‐L1 levels in exosomes derived from different prostate cancer cells. PC3 cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice, and then ELISA assay was used to detect human specific PD‐L1 in exosomes purified from mouse serum. The function of CD8(+) T cells was detected by T cell mediated tumor cell killing assay and FACS analysis. A subcutaneous xenograft model was established using mouse prostate cancer cell RM1, exosomes with or without PD‐L1 were injected every 3 days, and then tumor size and weight were analyzed to evaluate the effect of exosomal PD‐L1. RESULTS: Herein, we found that exosomal‐PD‐L1 was taken up by tumor cells expressing low levels of PD‐L1, thereby protecting them from T‐cell killing. Higher levels of PD‐L1 were detected in exosomes derived from the highly malignant prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cell lines. Moreover, exosomal PD‐L1 was taken up by the PD‐L1‐low‐expressing LNCaP cell line and inhibited the killing function of CD8‐T cells on tumor cells. The growth rate of RM1‐derived subcutaneous tumors was decreased after knockdown of PD‐L1 in tumor cells, whereas the growth rate recovered following exosomal PD‐L1 tail vein injection. Furthermore, in the serum of mice with PCa subcutaneous tumors, PD‐L1 was mainly present on exosomes. CONCLUSION: In summary, tumor cells share PD‐L1 synergistically against T cells through exosomes. Inhibition of exosome secretion or prevention of PD‐L1 sorting into exosomes may improve the therapeutic response of prostate tumors to anti‐PD‐L1 therapy.