Developing Versatile Contactors for Direct Air Capture of CO(2) through Amine Grafting onto Alumina Pellets and Alumina Wash-Coated Monoliths

[Image: see text] The optimization of the air–solid contactor is critical to improve the efficiency of the direct air capture (DAC) process. To enable comparison of contactors and therefore a step toward optimization, two contactors are prepared in the form of pellets and wash-coated honeycomb monoliths. The desired amine functionalities are successfully incorporated onto these industrially relevant pellets by means of a procedure developed for powders, providing materials with a CO(2) uptake not influenced by the morphology and the structure of the materials according to the sorption measurements. Furthermore, the amine functionalities are incorporated onto alumina wash-coated monoliths that provide a similar CO(2) uptake compared to the pellets. Using breakthrough measurements, dry CO(2) uptakes of 0.44 and 0.4 mmol g(sorbent)(–1) are measured for pellets and for a monolith, respectively. NMR and IR studies of CO(2) uptake show that the CO(2) adsorbs mainly in the form of ammonium carbamate. Both contactors are characterized by estimated Toth isotherm parameters and linear driving force (LDF) coefficients to enable an initial comparison and provide information for further studies of the two contactors. LDF coefficients of 1.5 × 10(–4) and of 1.2 × 10(–3) s(–1) are estimated for the pellets and for a monolith, respectively. In comparison to the pellets, the monolith therefore exhibits particularly promising results in terms of adsorption kinetics due to its hierarchical pore structure. This is reflected in the productivity of the adsorption step of 6.48 mol m(–3) h(–1) for the pellets compared to 7.56 mol m(–3) h(–1) for the monolith at a pressure drop approximately 1 order of magnitude lower, making the monoliths prime candidates to enhance the efficiency of DAC processes.