METTL3-induced lncRNA GBAP1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating BMP/SMAD pathway

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and challenging cancers in the world. N6-methyladenosine (m(6)A) modification and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the progression of HCC. However, there are few reports on genome-wide screening and functional annotations of m(6)A-methylated lncRNAs in HCC. METHODS: The expression levels of m(6)A methyltransferase METTL3 and the association with the prognosis in HCC were determined by RT-qPCR, public dataset platforms. Then, RNA-seq, Pearson correlation analysis, MeRIP-qPCR, RNA half-life assay, gene site-directed mutation, RIP assay and RT-qPCR analysis were employed to determine the downstream target of METTL3 in HCC. Subsequently, the expression levels and roles of lncRNA glucosylceramidase beta pseudogene 1 (GBAP1) in HCC were determined by Kaplan–meier curves, RT-qPCR, in vitro functional experiments and in vivo tumorigenesis and lung metastasis models. Then, the downstream target and pathway of GBAP1 were explored by GO biological process, KEGG pathway enrichment, luciferase reporter assay, RIP assay and rescue experiments and so on. RESULTS: METTL3 was upregulated in HCC and closely related to HCC prognosis. And METTL3 induced GBAP1 expression by acting as the m(6)A writer of GBAP1 and IGF2BP2 worked as its m(6)A reader. Clinically, GBAP1 expression was significantly associated with tumor size, venous infiltration, TNM stage and prognosis of HCC, Functionally, GBAP1 promoted HCC metastasis and growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, GBAP1 acted as the molecular sponge for miR-22-3p to increase the expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A (BMPR1A), which then activated BMP/SMAD pathway in HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that METTL3-induced GBAP1 promoted migration, invasion and proliferation of HCC cells via GBAP1/miR-22-3p/BMPR1A/SMAD axis. GBAP1 could be a potential prognosis indicator and therapeutic target for HCC. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13062-023-00409-2.