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Immune-enhancing activity of Astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the Toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects and cytotoxicity effects of Astragalus maximus chloroformic extract (AMCE) on the T. gondii Rh strain. METHODS: In-vitro effects of AMCE (2–64 µg/ml) on tachyzoites were measured by MTT assay for 48 h. The effects of AMCE...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10473301/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37663719 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000616 |
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author | Behnam, Salar Kharazmkia, Ali Khalaf, Amal Khudair Adineh, Ahmad Ghasemian Yadegari, Javad Mahmoudvand, Hossein |
author_facet | Behnam, Salar Kharazmkia, Ali Khalaf, Amal Khudair Adineh, Ahmad Ghasemian Yadegari, Javad Mahmoudvand, Hossein |
author_sort | Behnam, Salar |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects and cytotoxicity effects of Astragalus maximus chloroformic extract (AMCE) on the T. gondii Rh strain. METHODS: In-vitro effects of AMCE (2–64 µg/ml) on tachyzoites were measured by MTT assay for 48 h. The effects of AMCE on infectivity rate and intracellular parasites into macrophage cells (J774-A1) were evaluated. The Griess reaction assay and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the nitric oxide (NO) and the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ and iNOS in infected J774-A1 macrophage cells. RESULTS: The mortality rate of the parasites significantly (P<0.001) increased in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 9.85 μg/ml. The rate of infection and the mean number of intracellular tachyzoites in macrophage cells were significantly reduced (P<0.001) after exposure of the macrophage cells to AMCE. The mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, iNOS, and NO production in macrophage cells after treatment with the AMCE were increased, especially at the concentration of ½ IC(50) and IC(50) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings of the current in vitro investigation revealed favorable anti-Toxoplasma effects of AMCE against tachyzoites and intracellular forms of T. gondii. Despite the fact that the accurate anti-Toxoplasma mechanisms of AMCE are not clear, our results showed that triggering NO production and cellular immunity can be considered as the main mechanisms of action of AMCE for controlling and eliminating T. gondii. However, further surveys are mandatory to assess the efficacy and safety of AMCE in an animal model and its accurate mechanisms of action. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10473301 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-104733012023-09-02 Immune-enhancing activity of Astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the Toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research Behnam, Salar Kharazmkia, Ali Khalaf, Amal Khudair Adineh, Ahmad Ghasemian Yadegari, Javad Mahmoudvand, Hossein Ann Med Surg (Lond) Original Research BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects and cytotoxicity effects of Astragalus maximus chloroformic extract (AMCE) on the T. gondii Rh strain. METHODS: In-vitro effects of AMCE (2–64 µg/ml) on tachyzoites were measured by MTT assay for 48 h. The effects of AMCE on infectivity rate and intracellular parasites into macrophage cells (J774-A1) were evaluated. The Griess reaction assay and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the nitric oxide (NO) and the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ and iNOS in infected J774-A1 macrophage cells. RESULTS: The mortality rate of the parasites significantly (P<0.001) increased in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 9.85 μg/ml. The rate of infection and the mean number of intracellular tachyzoites in macrophage cells were significantly reduced (P<0.001) after exposure of the macrophage cells to AMCE. The mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, iNOS, and NO production in macrophage cells after treatment with the AMCE were increased, especially at the concentration of ½ IC(50) and IC(50) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings of the current in vitro investigation revealed favorable anti-Toxoplasma effects of AMCE against tachyzoites and intracellular forms of T. gondii. Despite the fact that the accurate anti-Toxoplasma mechanisms of AMCE are not clear, our results showed that triggering NO production and cellular immunity can be considered as the main mechanisms of action of AMCE for controlling and eliminating T. gondii. However, further surveys are mandatory to assess the efficacy and safety of AMCE in an animal model and its accurate mechanisms of action. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2023-07-18 /pmc/articles/PMC10473301/ /pubmed/37663719 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000616 Text en Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
spellingShingle | Original Research Behnam, Salar Kharazmkia, Ali Khalaf, Amal Khudair Adineh, Ahmad Ghasemian Yadegari, Javad Mahmoudvand, Hossein Immune-enhancing activity of Astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the Toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research |
title | Immune-enhancing activity of Astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the Toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research |
title_full | Immune-enhancing activity of Astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the Toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research |
title_fullStr | Immune-enhancing activity of Astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the Toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research |
title_full_unstemmed | Immune-enhancing activity of Astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the Toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research |
title_short | Immune-enhancing activity of Astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the Toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research |
title_sort | immune-enhancing activity of astragalus maximus extract for inhibiting the toxoplasma gondii infection: experimental research |
topic | Original Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10473301/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37663719 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000616 |
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