Short-term association of CO and NO(2) with hospital visits for glomerulonephritis in Hefei, China: a time series study

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies suggest air pollution as an underlying factor to kidney disease. However, there is still limited knowledge about the short-term correlation between glomerulonephritis (GN) and air pollution. Thus, we aim to fill this research gap by investigating the short-term correlation between GN clinical visits and air pollution exposure. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2019, daily GN visit data from two grade A tertiary hospitals in Hefei City were collected, along with corresponding air pollution and meteorological data. A generalized linear model integrated with a distributed lag nonlinear model was employed to analyze the relationship between GN visits and air pollutants. Moreover, we incorporated a dual pollutant model to account for the combined effects of multiple pollutants. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were performed to identify vulnerable populations based on gender, age, and season. RESULTS: The association between 23,475 GN visits and air pollutants was assessed, and significant positive associations were found between CO and NO(2) exposure and GN visit risk. The single-day lagged effect model for CO showed increased risks for GN visits from lag0 (RR: 1.129, 95% CI: 1.031–1.236) to lag2 (RR: 1.034, 95% CI: 1.011–1.022), with the highest risk at lag0. In contrast, NO(2) displayed a more persistent impact (lag1–lag4) on GN visit risk, peaking at lag2 (RR: 1.017, 95% CI: 1.011–1.022). Within the dual-pollutant model, the significance persisted for both CO and NO(2) after adjusting for each other. Subgroup analyses showed that the cumulative harm of CO was greater in the cold-season and older adult groups. Meanwhile, the female group was more vulnerable to the harmful effects of cumulative exposure to NO(2). CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that CO and NO(2) exposure can raise the risk of GN visits, and female and older adult populations exhibited greater susceptibility.