Deglacial volcanism and reoxygenation in the aftermath of the Sturtian Snowball Earth

The Cryogenian Sturtian and Marinoan Snowball Earth glaciations bracket a nonglacial interval during which Demosponge and green-algal biomarkers first appear. To understand the relationships between environmental perturbations and early animal evolution, we measured sulfur and mercury isotopes from the Datangpo Formation from South China. Hg enrichment with positive Δ(199)Hg excursion suggests enhanced volcanism, potentially due to depressurization of terrestrial magma chambers during deglaciation. A thick stratigraphic interval of negative Δ(33)S(py) indicates that the nonglacial interlude was characterized by low but rising sulfate levels. Model results reveal a mechanism to produce the Δ(33)S anomalies down to −0.284‰ through Rayleigh distillation. We propose that extreme temperatures and anoxia contributed to the apparent delay in green algal production in the aftermath of the Sturtian glaciation and the subsequent reoxygenation of the iron-rich and sulfate-depleted ocean paved the way for evolution of animals.