Comprehensive Analysis of CdS Ultrathin Films Modified by the Substrate Position inside the Reactor Container Using the CBD Technique

[Image: see text] The cadmium sulfide (CdS) n-type semiconductor is one of the most used as a window layer in thin-film solar cells, such as CdTe, CIS, CIGS, and CZTS. Optoelectronic properties are the most important characteristics for window materials. CdS thin films obtained using the chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) have been reported; however, large amounts of precursor solutions are used, which generate considerable amounts of toxic waste. The aim of this work is to reduce the amount of precursor solutions used for CdS growth; for this, it is necessary to consider an efficient position for the substrate inside the reactor container and at the same time allow obtaining CdS thin films with adequate physical properties to be applied in the photovoltaic solar cell development. CdS thin films were deposited on soda–lime/SnO(2):F substrates (FTO) using the CBD technique; the substrates were placed in three different arrangements [rack system, step system (up), and step system (down)]. CdS samples with areas of 4 cm(2) and a thickness of 27–48 nm were obtained; the X-ray diffraction patterns show CdS thin films with different polycrystalline structures. The morphological measurements reveal different surface formations depending on the substrate position, and resistivity values of around 10(5) Ω*cm were measured. UV–vis spectra show transmittance values of around 45–94% in the visible region with band gap energy values of around 2.1–2.36 eV. The best physical properties of CdS thin films and an efficient CBD process were obtained when the FTO substrates were located near the bottom of the reactor container with the FTO side down, leading to an optimal configuration that allows reducing the amount of precursor solutions and in this way reduces the toxic waste generated. These results are important in the photovoltaic technology process and environmental impact.