Wolf–Dog–Human: Companionship Based on Common Social Tools

SIMPLE SUMMARY: A major factor in dog welfare is a good relationship with their humans. In turn, living with a dog supports the wellbeing and even the mental and physical health of their human masters. In fact, the Palaeolithic partnership between humans and wolves was social and cooperative from its beginning; living with humans selected for tame wolves and thereby turned them into dogs, fine-tuning the initial social match even more. Why humans can be social with other animals at all may be explained via a common “social toolbox”—a social brain and physiology—shared between humans and other animals because of both a common phylogeny and parallel evolution. Such “social kinship” between humans and other animals makes it possible to conclude that satisfying the social needs of dogs by providing cooperative and empathic human leadership is crucial for their welfare, and that anthropomorphising dogs on the basis of informed human empathy is not as negative as it may sound; it seems rather that it is an adequate basis for a good partnership for mutual wellbeing. ABSTRACT: Wolves, dogs and humans share extremely social and cooperative minds. These similarities are rooted in phylogenetic homology and in the convergence of neuronal and physiological mechanisms, particularly the brain, in the functioning and communication of basic affects and in the mechanisms of stress and calming. The domesticated wolves called dogs are particularly close companion animals. Both Palaeolithic humans and wolves were hypercursorial hunters, cooperating in complex and prosocial ways within their clans with respect to hunting, raising offspring, and defending against conspecific and heterospecific competitors and predators. These eco-social parallels have shaped the development of similar social mindsets in wolves and humans. Over the millennia of domestication, this social match was fine-tuned, resulting in the socio-cognitive specialists humans and dogs, possessing amazingly similar social brains and minds. Therefore, it can be concluded that the quality of their relationships with their human masters is a major factor in the wellbeing, welfare and even health of dogs, as well as in the wellbeing of their human partners. Based on their strikingly similar social brains and physiologies, it can be further concluded that anthropomorphically applying human empathy to dogs in an educated manner may not be as inappropriate as previously thought.