Cargando…

Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods

Several forged 3-Polker coins have been reported in historical sources on the financial crisis that occurred between 1619 and 1623 at the start of the 30-year-long war. Supposedly, belligerent countries forged other countries’ coins which were then used for external payments as a war strategy. Thus,...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Petean, Ioan, Paltinean, Gertrud Alexandra, Taut, Adrian Catalin, Avram, Simona Elena, Pripon, Emanoil, Barbu Tudoran, Lucian, Borodi, Gheorghe
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10488520/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37687501
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175809
_version_ 1785103495036141568
author Petean, Ioan
Paltinean, Gertrud Alexandra
Taut, Adrian Catalin
Avram, Simona Elena
Pripon, Emanoil
Barbu Tudoran, Lucian
Borodi, Gheorghe
author_facet Petean, Ioan
Paltinean, Gertrud Alexandra
Taut, Adrian Catalin
Avram, Simona Elena
Pripon, Emanoil
Barbu Tudoran, Lucian
Borodi, Gheorghe
author_sort Petean, Ioan
collection PubMed
description Several forged 3-Polker coins have been reported in historical sources on the financial crisis that occurred between 1619 and 1623 at the start of the 30-year-long war. Supposedly, belligerent countries forged other countries’ coins which were then used for external payments as a war strategy. Thus, a lot of 3-Polker coins (e.g., Sigismund-III-type) were forged, and the markets became flooded with poor currency. In the present day, these pre-modern forgeries are rare archeological findings. Only five forged 3-Polker coins randomly found in Transylvania were available for the current study. There are deeper implications of silver and tin in the forgery techniques that need to be considered. Thus, the forged 3-Polker coins were investigated via nondestructive methods: SEM microscopy coupled with EDS elemental spectroscopy for complex microstructural characterization and XRD for phase identification. Three distinct types of forgery methods were identified: the amalgam method is the first used for copper blank silvering (1620), and immersion in melted silver (1621) is the second one. Both methods were used to forge coins with proper legends and inscriptions. The third method is the tin plating of copper coins (with corrupted legend and altered design) (1622, 1623, and 1624). The EDS investigation revealed Hg traces inside the compact silver crusts for the first type and the elongated silver crystallites in the immersion direction, which are well-attached to the copper core for the second type. The third forgery type has a rich tin plating with the superficial formation of Cu(6)Sn(5) compound that assures a good resistance of the coating layer. Therefore, this type should have been easily recognized as fake by traders, while the first two types require proper weighing and margin clipping to ensure their quality.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-10488520
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2023
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-104885202023-09-09 Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods Petean, Ioan Paltinean, Gertrud Alexandra Taut, Adrian Catalin Avram, Simona Elena Pripon, Emanoil Barbu Tudoran, Lucian Borodi, Gheorghe Materials (Basel) Article Several forged 3-Polker coins have been reported in historical sources on the financial crisis that occurred between 1619 and 1623 at the start of the 30-year-long war. Supposedly, belligerent countries forged other countries’ coins which were then used for external payments as a war strategy. Thus, a lot of 3-Polker coins (e.g., Sigismund-III-type) were forged, and the markets became flooded with poor currency. In the present day, these pre-modern forgeries are rare archeological findings. Only five forged 3-Polker coins randomly found in Transylvania were available for the current study. There are deeper implications of silver and tin in the forgery techniques that need to be considered. Thus, the forged 3-Polker coins were investigated via nondestructive methods: SEM microscopy coupled with EDS elemental spectroscopy for complex microstructural characterization and XRD for phase identification. Three distinct types of forgery methods were identified: the amalgam method is the first used for copper blank silvering (1620), and immersion in melted silver (1621) is the second one. Both methods were used to forge coins with proper legends and inscriptions. The third method is the tin plating of copper coins (with corrupted legend and altered design) (1622, 1623, and 1624). The EDS investigation revealed Hg traces inside the compact silver crusts for the first type and the elongated silver crystallites in the immersion direction, which are well-attached to the copper core for the second type. The third forgery type has a rich tin plating with the superficial formation of Cu(6)Sn(5) compound that assures a good resistance of the coating layer. Therefore, this type should have been easily recognized as fake by traders, while the first two types require proper weighing and margin clipping to ensure their quality. MDPI 2023-08-24 /pmc/articles/PMC10488520/ /pubmed/37687501 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175809 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Petean, Ioan
Paltinean, Gertrud Alexandra
Taut, Adrian Catalin
Avram, Simona Elena
Pripon, Emanoil
Barbu Tudoran, Lucian
Borodi, Gheorghe
Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods
title Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods
title_full Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods
title_fullStr Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods
title_full_unstemmed Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods
title_short Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods
title_sort ag and sn implications in 3-polker coins forgeries evidenced by nondestructive methods
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10488520/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37687501
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175809
work_keys_str_mv AT peteanioan agandsnimplicationsin3polkercoinsforgeriesevidencedbynondestructivemethods
AT paltineangertrudalexandra agandsnimplicationsin3polkercoinsforgeriesevidencedbynondestructivemethods
AT tautadriancatalin agandsnimplicationsin3polkercoinsforgeriesevidencedbynondestructivemethods
AT avramsimonaelena agandsnimplicationsin3polkercoinsforgeriesevidencedbynondestructivemethods
AT priponemanoil agandsnimplicationsin3polkercoinsforgeriesevidencedbynondestructivemethods
AT barbutudoranlucian agandsnimplicationsin3polkercoinsforgeriesevidencedbynondestructivemethods
AT borodigheorghe agandsnimplicationsin3polkercoinsforgeriesevidencedbynondestructivemethods