Green Synthesis of Pristine and Ag-Doped TiO(2) and Investigation of Their Performance as Photoanodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for third-generation thin film solar energy conversion systems because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and easy manufacturing process. The electron transport layer is one of the most essential components in DSSCs since it plays a crucial role in the device’s greatest performance. Silver ions as a dopant have drawn attention in DSSC device applications because of their stability under ambient conditions, decreased charge recombination, increased efficient charge transfer, and optical, structural, and electrochemical properties. Because of these concepts, herein, we report the synthesis of pristine TiO(2) using a novel green modified solvothermal simplistic method. Additionally, the prepared semiconductor nanomaterials, Ag-doped TiO(2) with percentages of 1, 2, 3, and 4%, were used as photoanodes to enhance the device’s performance. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, and UV–vis techniques. The average crystallite size for pristine TiO(2) and Ag-doped TiO(2) with percentages of 1, 2, 3, and 4% was found to be 13 nm by using the highest intensity peaks in the XRD spectra. The Ag-doped TiO(2) nanomaterials exhibited excellent photovoltaic activity as compared to pristine TiO(2). The incorporation of Ag could assist in successful charge transport and minimize the charge recombination process. The DSSCs showed a J(sc) of 8.336 mA/cm(2), a V(oc) of 698 mV, and an FF of 0.422 with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.45% at a Ag concentration of 4% under illumination of 100 mW/cm(2) power with N719 dye, indicating an important improvement when compared to 2% Ag-doped (PCE of 0.97%) and pristine TiO(2) (PCE of 0.62%).