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Utilization of digital tools to enhance COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: A cross-sectional evaluation study among Bodaboda motorbike riders in the Nairobi Metropolis, Kenya
Kenya has registered over 300,000 cases of COVID-19 and is a high-burden tuberculosis country. Tuberculosis diagnosis was significantly disrupted by the pandemic. Access to timely diagnosis, which is key to effective management of tuberculosis and COVID-19, can be expanded and made more efficient th...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10490987/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37682928 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290575 |
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author | Karanja, Simon Aduda, Jane Thuo, Reuben Wamunyokoli, Fred Oyier, Philip Kikuvi, Gideon Kissinger, Henry Gachohi, John Mburugu, Patrick Kamau, David Matheri, Joseph Mwelu, Susan Machua, Joseph Amoth, Patrick Mariga, Denver Were, Ian Mohamed, Musa Kimuyu, Judith Saigilu, Samson Wangeci, Rose Mubadi, Kevin Ndung’u, Joseph Suleiman, Khairunisa Kadam, Rigveda Akugizibwe, Paula |
author_facet | Karanja, Simon Aduda, Jane Thuo, Reuben Wamunyokoli, Fred Oyier, Philip Kikuvi, Gideon Kissinger, Henry Gachohi, John Mburugu, Patrick Kamau, David Matheri, Joseph Mwelu, Susan Machua, Joseph Amoth, Patrick Mariga, Denver Were, Ian Mohamed, Musa Kimuyu, Judith Saigilu, Samson Wangeci, Rose Mubadi, Kevin Ndung’u, Joseph Suleiman, Khairunisa Kadam, Rigveda Akugizibwe, Paula |
author_sort | Karanja, Simon |
collection | PubMed |
description | Kenya has registered over 300,000 cases of COVID-19 and is a high-burden tuberculosis country. Tuberculosis diagnosis was significantly disrupted by the pandemic. Access to timely diagnosis, which is key to effective management of tuberculosis and COVID-19, can be expanded and made more efficient through integrated screening. Decentralized testing at community level further increases access, especially for underserved populations, and requires robust systems for data and process management. This study delivered integrated COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing to commercial motorbike (Bodaboda) riders, a population at increased risk of both diseases with limited access to services, in four counties: Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos and Kajiado. Testing sheds were established where riders congregate, with demand creation carried out by the Bodaboda association. Integrated symptom screening for tuberculosis and COVID-19 was conducted through a digital questionnaire which automatically flagged participants who should be tested for either, or both, diseases. Rapid antigen-detecting tests (Ag-RDTs) for COVID-19 were conducted onsite, while sputum samples were collected and transported to laboratories for tuberculosis diagnosis. End-to-end patient data were captured using digital tools. 5663 participants enrolled in the study, 4946 of whom were tested for COVID-19. Ag-RDT positivity rate was 1% but fluctuated widely across counties in line with broader regional trends. Among a subset tested by PCR, positivity was greater in individuals flagged as high risk by the digital tool (8% compared with 4% overall). Of 355 participants tested for tuberculosis, 7 were positive, with the resulting prevalence rate higher than the national average. Over 40% of riders had elevated blood pressure or abnormal sugar levels. The digital tool successfully captured complete end-to-end data for 95% of all participants. This study revealed high rates of undetected disease among Bodaboda riders and demonstrated that integrated diagnosis can be delivered effectively in communities, with the support of digital tools, to maximize access. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10490987 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-104909872023-09-09 Utilization of digital tools to enhance COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: A cross-sectional evaluation study among Bodaboda motorbike riders in the Nairobi Metropolis, Kenya Karanja, Simon Aduda, Jane Thuo, Reuben Wamunyokoli, Fred Oyier, Philip Kikuvi, Gideon Kissinger, Henry Gachohi, John Mburugu, Patrick Kamau, David Matheri, Joseph Mwelu, Susan Machua, Joseph Amoth, Patrick Mariga, Denver Were, Ian Mohamed, Musa Kimuyu, Judith Saigilu, Samson Wangeci, Rose Mubadi, Kevin Ndung’u, Joseph Suleiman, Khairunisa Kadam, Rigveda Akugizibwe, Paula PLoS One Research Article Kenya has registered over 300,000 cases of COVID-19 and is a high-burden tuberculosis country. Tuberculosis diagnosis was significantly disrupted by the pandemic. Access to timely diagnosis, which is key to effective management of tuberculosis and COVID-19, can be expanded and made more efficient through integrated screening. Decentralized testing at community level further increases access, especially for underserved populations, and requires robust systems for data and process management. This study delivered integrated COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing to commercial motorbike (Bodaboda) riders, a population at increased risk of both diseases with limited access to services, in four counties: Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos and Kajiado. Testing sheds were established where riders congregate, with demand creation carried out by the Bodaboda association. Integrated symptom screening for tuberculosis and COVID-19 was conducted through a digital questionnaire which automatically flagged participants who should be tested for either, or both, diseases. Rapid antigen-detecting tests (Ag-RDTs) for COVID-19 were conducted onsite, while sputum samples were collected and transported to laboratories for tuberculosis diagnosis. End-to-end patient data were captured using digital tools. 5663 participants enrolled in the study, 4946 of whom were tested for COVID-19. Ag-RDT positivity rate was 1% but fluctuated widely across counties in line with broader regional trends. Among a subset tested by PCR, positivity was greater in individuals flagged as high risk by the digital tool (8% compared with 4% overall). Of 355 participants tested for tuberculosis, 7 were positive, with the resulting prevalence rate higher than the national average. Over 40% of riders had elevated blood pressure or abnormal sugar levels. The digital tool successfully captured complete end-to-end data for 95% of all participants. This study revealed high rates of undetected disease among Bodaboda riders and demonstrated that integrated diagnosis can be delivered effectively in communities, with the support of digital tools, to maximize access. Public Library of Science 2023-09-08 /pmc/articles/PMC10490987/ /pubmed/37682928 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290575 Text en © 2023 Karanja et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Karanja, Simon Aduda, Jane Thuo, Reuben Wamunyokoli, Fred Oyier, Philip Kikuvi, Gideon Kissinger, Henry Gachohi, John Mburugu, Patrick Kamau, David Matheri, Joseph Mwelu, Susan Machua, Joseph Amoth, Patrick Mariga, Denver Were, Ian Mohamed, Musa Kimuyu, Judith Saigilu, Samson Wangeci, Rose Mubadi, Kevin Ndung’u, Joseph Suleiman, Khairunisa Kadam, Rigveda Akugizibwe, Paula Utilization of digital tools to enhance COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: A cross-sectional evaluation study among Bodaboda motorbike riders in the Nairobi Metropolis, Kenya |
title | Utilization of digital tools to enhance COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: A cross-sectional evaluation study among Bodaboda motorbike riders in the Nairobi Metropolis, Kenya |
title_full | Utilization of digital tools to enhance COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: A cross-sectional evaluation study among Bodaboda motorbike riders in the Nairobi Metropolis, Kenya |
title_fullStr | Utilization of digital tools to enhance COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: A cross-sectional evaluation study among Bodaboda motorbike riders in the Nairobi Metropolis, Kenya |
title_full_unstemmed | Utilization of digital tools to enhance COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: A cross-sectional evaluation study among Bodaboda motorbike riders in the Nairobi Metropolis, Kenya |
title_short | Utilization of digital tools to enhance COVID-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: A cross-sectional evaluation study among Bodaboda motorbike riders in the Nairobi Metropolis, Kenya |
title_sort | utilization of digital tools to enhance covid-19 and tuberculosis testing and linkage to care: a cross-sectional evaluation study among bodaboda motorbike riders in the nairobi metropolis, kenya |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10490987/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37682928 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290575 |
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