De Novo Radicular Arteriovenous Fistula After Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous Fistula: A Case Report and Literature Review

De novo spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) have been reported as metachronous AVFs However, metachronous spinal AVFs are extremely rare, and their pathogenesis remains uncertain. We report a case of de novo radicular AVF (RAVF) following treatment for spinal AVF at the craniocervical junction (CCJ). We also reviewed the literature and discussed the pathogenesis of metachronous spinal AVF. A 64-year-old male patient diagnosed with spinal AVF at the CCJ supplied from the right C1 segmental artery was treated with Onyx-18 (eV3 Inc, CA, USA) trans-arterial embolization, resulting in partial occlusion. Angiography showed a slight residual shunt two weeks after the embolization without another shunt lesion. A five-year follow-up spinal angiography showed de novo RAVF at the C4 level and complete occlusion of the first AVF. The second AVF was not treated because it was asymptomatic, and the patient remained asymptomatic. De novo RAVF was found to develop five years after the embolization of a CCJ-spinal AVF in a patient. This is the first case of de novo RAVF post-treatment of a spinal AVF. This case demonstrated that RAVF could develop as an acquired disease.