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Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China

BACKGROUND: Anthropogenic activities are causing unprecedented loss of genetic diversity in many species. However, the effects on genetic diversity from large-scale grafting onto wild plants of crop species are largely undetermined. Iron walnut (Juglans sigillata Dode) is a deciduous nut tree crop e...

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Autores principales: Liu, Jie, Magige, Ephie A., Fan, Peng-Zhen, Wambulwa, Moses C., Luo, Ya-Huang, Qi, Hai-Ling, Gao, Lian-Ming, Milne, Richard I.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10498525/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37700228
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04428-z
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author Liu, Jie
Magige, Ephie A.
Fan, Peng-Zhen
Wambulwa, Moses C.
Luo, Ya-Huang
Qi, Hai-Ling
Gao, Lian-Ming
Milne, Richard I.
author_facet Liu, Jie
Magige, Ephie A.
Fan, Peng-Zhen
Wambulwa, Moses C.
Luo, Ya-Huang
Qi, Hai-Ling
Gao, Lian-Ming
Milne, Richard I.
author_sort Liu, Jie
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Anthropogenic activities are causing unprecedented loss of genetic diversity in many species. However, the effects on genetic diversity from large-scale grafting onto wild plants of crop species are largely undetermined. Iron walnut (Juglans sigillata Dode) is a deciduous nut tree crop endemic to southwestern China with a long history of cultivation. Due to the rapid expansion of the walnut industry, many natural populations are now being replaced by cultivars grafted onto wild rootstocks. However, little is known about the potential genetic consequences of such action on natural populations. RESULTS: We sampled the scion and the rootstock from each of 149 grafted individuals within nine wild populations of J. sigillata from Yunnan Province which is the center of walnut diversity and cultivation in China, and examined their genetic diversity and population structure using 31 microsatellite loci. Scions had lower genetic diversity than rootstocks, and this pattern was repeated in seven of the nine examined populations. Among those seven populations, AMOVA and clustering analyses showed a clear genetic separation between all rootstocks and all scions. However, the two remaining populations, both from northern Yunnan, showed genetic similarity between scions and rootstocks, possibly indicating that wild populations here are derived from feralized local cultivars. Moreover, our data indicated probable crop-to-wild gene flow between scions and rootstocks, across all populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that large-scale grafting has been causing genetic diversity erosion and genetic structure breakdown in the wild material of J. sigillata within Yunnan. To mitigate these effects, we caution against the overuse of grafting in wild populations of iron walnut and other crop species and recommend the preservation of natural genotypes through in situ  and ex situ conservation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-023-04428-z.
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spelling pubmed-104985252023-09-14 Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China Liu, Jie Magige, Ephie A. Fan, Peng-Zhen Wambulwa, Moses C. Luo, Ya-Huang Qi, Hai-Ling Gao, Lian-Ming Milne, Richard I. BMC Plant Biol Research BACKGROUND: Anthropogenic activities are causing unprecedented loss of genetic diversity in many species. However, the effects on genetic diversity from large-scale grafting onto wild plants of crop species are largely undetermined. Iron walnut (Juglans sigillata Dode) is a deciduous nut tree crop endemic to southwestern China with a long history of cultivation. Due to the rapid expansion of the walnut industry, many natural populations are now being replaced by cultivars grafted onto wild rootstocks. However, little is known about the potential genetic consequences of such action on natural populations. RESULTS: We sampled the scion and the rootstock from each of 149 grafted individuals within nine wild populations of J. sigillata from Yunnan Province which is the center of walnut diversity and cultivation in China, and examined their genetic diversity and population structure using 31 microsatellite loci. Scions had lower genetic diversity than rootstocks, and this pattern was repeated in seven of the nine examined populations. Among those seven populations, AMOVA and clustering analyses showed a clear genetic separation between all rootstocks and all scions. However, the two remaining populations, both from northern Yunnan, showed genetic similarity between scions and rootstocks, possibly indicating that wild populations here are derived from feralized local cultivars. Moreover, our data indicated probable crop-to-wild gene flow between scions and rootstocks, across all populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that large-scale grafting has been causing genetic diversity erosion and genetic structure breakdown in the wild material of J. sigillata within Yunnan. To mitigate these effects, we caution against the overuse of grafting in wild populations of iron walnut and other crop species and recommend the preservation of natural genotypes through in situ  and ex situ conservation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-023-04428-z. BioMed Central 2023-09-13 /pmc/articles/PMC10498525/ /pubmed/37700228 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04428-z Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Liu, Jie
Magige, Ephie A.
Fan, Peng-Zhen
Wambulwa, Moses C.
Luo, Ya-Huang
Qi, Hai-Ling
Gao, Lian-Ming
Milne, Richard I.
Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China
title Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China
title_full Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China
title_fullStr Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China
title_full_unstemmed Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China
title_short Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China
title_sort genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern china
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10498525/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37700228
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04428-z
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