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The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study
BACKGROUND: A major issue is finding a valid biomarker able to diagnose periodontal disease with the presence and absence of risk factors. Indeed, the association between smoking and periodontal diseases and its impact on the manifestation of antimicrobial peptides has been delineated in clinical an...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10499532/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37711877 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5581267 |
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author | Kzar, Wael Abdulazeez Abbas, Raghad Fadhil Hussein, Hashim Mueen |
author_facet | Kzar, Wael Abdulazeez Abbas, Raghad Fadhil Hussein, Hashim Mueen |
author_sort | Kzar, Wael Abdulazeez |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: A major issue is finding a valid biomarker able to diagnose periodontal disease with the presence and absence of risk factors. Indeed, the association between smoking and periodontal diseases and its impact on the manifestation of antimicrobial peptides has been delineated in clinical and epidemiological investigations. The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) is pivotal in preserving periodontal health. OBJECTIVES: This investigation examines and contrasts the levels of cathelicidin in the saliva of smokers and nonsmokers of periodontitis. The study also seeks to establish this biomarker's diagnostic ability to differentiate between periodontal health and disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved the collection of unstimulated saliva samples from 160 participants, comprising 80 patients diagnosed with periodontitis (40 of whom were smokers and 40 were nonsmokers) and 80 periodontitis-free individuals (40 smokers and 40 nonsmokers). The clinical periodontal parameters were assessed, including recording the probing pocket depth, the level of clinical attachment, and the percentage of bleeding on probing. Subsequently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted to quantify the protein levels of LL-37 in the saliva samples obtained from the subjects mentioned above. RESULTS: The highest level of salivary LL-37 was found in the nonsmoker periodontitis (NSP) patients, followed by the group of smoker periodontitis (SP) and then nonsmoker healthy (NSH) group, while the lowest level was found in the healthy smoker (HS) group. At the same time, the LL-37 seems to be a very good biomarker in differentiating periodontal health from disease with the presence and absence of smoking. CONCLUSION: Periodontitis results in a significant elevation of salivary LL-37 levels in smoker and nonsmoker patients compared to healthy individuals. These levels are positively correlated with the periodontal parameter and can serve as a valuable diagnostic tool to predict periodontitis, whereas smoking significantly reduces these levels. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10499532 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-104995322023-09-14 The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study Kzar, Wael Abdulazeez Abbas, Raghad Fadhil Hussein, Hashim Mueen Biomed Res Int Research Article BACKGROUND: A major issue is finding a valid biomarker able to diagnose periodontal disease with the presence and absence of risk factors. Indeed, the association between smoking and periodontal diseases and its impact on the manifestation of antimicrobial peptides has been delineated in clinical and epidemiological investigations. The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) is pivotal in preserving periodontal health. OBJECTIVES: This investigation examines and contrasts the levels of cathelicidin in the saliva of smokers and nonsmokers of periodontitis. The study also seeks to establish this biomarker's diagnostic ability to differentiate between periodontal health and disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved the collection of unstimulated saliva samples from 160 participants, comprising 80 patients diagnosed with periodontitis (40 of whom were smokers and 40 were nonsmokers) and 80 periodontitis-free individuals (40 smokers and 40 nonsmokers). The clinical periodontal parameters were assessed, including recording the probing pocket depth, the level of clinical attachment, and the percentage of bleeding on probing. Subsequently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted to quantify the protein levels of LL-37 in the saliva samples obtained from the subjects mentioned above. RESULTS: The highest level of salivary LL-37 was found in the nonsmoker periodontitis (NSP) patients, followed by the group of smoker periodontitis (SP) and then nonsmoker healthy (NSH) group, while the lowest level was found in the healthy smoker (HS) group. At the same time, the LL-37 seems to be a very good biomarker in differentiating periodontal health from disease with the presence and absence of smoking. CONCLUSION: Periodontitis results in a significant elevation of salivary LL-37 levels in smoker and nonsmoker patients compared to healthy individuals. These levels are positively correlated with the periodontal parameter and can serve as a valuable diagnostic tool to predict periodontitis, whereas smoking significantly reduces these levels. Hindawi 2023-09-06 /pmc/articles/PMC10499532/ /pubmed/37711877 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5581267 Text en Copyright © 2023 Wael Abdulazeez Kzar et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Kzar, Wael Abdulazeez Abbas, Raghad Fadhil Hussein, Hashim Mueen The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study |
title | The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study |
title_full | The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study |
title_fullStr | The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study |
title_full_unstemmed | The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study |
title_short | The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study |
title_sort | antimicrobial peptide ll-37 as a predictor biomarker for periodontitis with the presence and absence of smoking: a case-control study |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10499532/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37711877 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5581267 |
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