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Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria

INTRODUCTION: Female sand flies are hematophagous, feeding on animals and in the process serve as vectors for Leishmania, the parasites that cause leishmaniasis in humans. Leishmaniasis are a group of parasitic neglected tropical diseases in 98 countries including Nigeria and kills ~60,000 people/ye...

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Autores principales: Usman, Mahmud, Natala, Audu Joseph, Jatau, Isa Danladi, Ogo, Ndudim Isaac, Jeelani, Ghulam, Goto, Yasuyuki, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, McKerrow, James H., Balogun, Emmanuel Oluwadare
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10500309/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37719668
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1219629
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author Usman, Mahmud
Natala, Audu Joseph
Jatau, Isa Danladi
Ogo, Ndudim Isaac
Jeelani, Ghulam
Goto, Yasuyuki
Nozaki, Tomoyoshi
McKerrow, James H.
Balogun, Emmanuel Oluwadare
author_facet Usman, Mahmud
Natala, Audu Joseph
Jatau, Isa Danladi
Ogo, Ndudim Isaac
Jeelani, Ghulam
Goto, Yasuyuki
Nozaki, Tomoyoshi
McKerrow, James H.
Balogun, Emmanuel Oluwadare
author_sort Usman, Mahmud
collection PubMed
description INTRODUCTION: Female sand flies are hematophagous, feeding on animals and in the process serve as vectors for Leishmania, the parasites that cause leishmaniasis in humans. Leishmaniasis are a group of parasitic neglected tropical diseases in 98 countries including Nigeria and kills ~60,000 people/year. In Nigeria, Sokoto State is endemic to leishmaniasis but there is a knowledge gap on the identity of the prevalent sand flies and the Leishmania species they transmit. Hence, this cross-sectional study was designed to take inventory of the species of sand flies in Sokoto using genetic methods. METHODS: 1,260 (310 females) sand flies were collected from three Local Government Areas (L.G.A) of Sokoto State- Wamakko, Sokoto South and Kware. Genomic DNA was extracted from each fly and DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on the DNA samples using primers targeting the arthropods mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (mt-coI) gene, and nested PCR with primers targeting the gene for Leishmania internal transcribed spacer-1 (its-1) of ribosomal RNA its-1rRNA. The PCR products were sequenced. RESULTS: Gene sequence analysis revealed five species of sand flies belonging to the old-world genera namely Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia. The identified species were P. papatasi (6.45%), S. adleri (6.45%), S. affinis (9.7%), S. distincta (9.7%), S. schwetzi (67.7%). Within the sampling period, sand flies were most abundant in the rainy months of August (104/33.5%) and September (116/37.4%) with all the five identified species occurring. Sequence analysis of its-1 gene identified Leishmania infantum in two sand flies (2/310)- P. papatasi (from Sokoto South) and S. affinis (from Wamakko). BLAST search in NCBI and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sand fly species are related to the species reported in different parts of Africa, while the L. infantum is identical to strain reported in Brazil (KY379083.1). DISCUSSION: Phlebotomus papatasi and four species belonging to the genus Sergentomyia are the most prevalent sand flies in Sokoto State, Nigeria and they harbor L. infantum solely. The results shed light on why visceral leishmaniasis is the most predominant form of the disease. Therefore, we recommend that adequate care for dogs must be instituted as dogs are the major animal reservoir for L. infantum.
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spelling pubmed-105003092023-09-15 Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria Usman, Mahmud Natala, Audu Joseph Jatau, Isa Danladi Ogo, Ndudim Isaac Jeelani, Ghulam Goto, Yasuyuki Nozaki, Tomoyoshi McKerrow, James H. Balogun, Emmanuel Oluwadare Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology INTRODUCTION: Female sand flies are hematophagous, feeding on animals and in the process serve as vectors for Leishmania, the parasites that cause leishmaniasis in humans. Leishmaniasis are a group of parasitic neglected tropical diseases in 98 countries including Nigeria and kills ~60,000 people/year. In Nigeria, Sokoto State is endemic to leishmaniasis but there is a knowledge gap on the identity of the prevalent sand flies and the Leishmania species they transmit. Hence, this cross-sectional study was designed to take inventory of the species of sand flies in Sokoto using genetic methods. METHODS: 1,260 (310 females) sand flies were collected from three Local Government Areas (L.G.A) of Sokoto State- Wamakko, Sokoto South and Kware. Genomic DNA was extracted from each fly and DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on the DNA samples using primers targeting the arthropods mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (mt-coI) gene, and nested PCR with primers targeting the gene for Leishmania internal transcribed spacer-1 (its-1) of ribosomal RNA its-1rRNA. The PCR products were sequenced. RESULTS: Gene sequence analysis revealed five species of sand flies belonging to the old-world genera namely Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia. The identified species were P. papatasi (6.45%), S. adleri (6.45%), S. affinis (9.7%), S. distincta (9.7%), S. schwetzi (67.7%). Within the sampling period, sand flies were most abundant in the rainy months of August (104/33.5%) and September (116/37.4%) with all the five identified species occurring. Sequence analysis of its-1 gene identified Leishmania infantum in two sand flies (2/310)- P. papatasi (from Sokoto South) and S. affinis (from Wamakko). BLAST search in NCBI and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sand fly species are related to the species reported in different parts of Africa, while the L. infantum is identical to strain reported in Brazil (KY379083.1). DISCUSSION: Phlebotomus papatasi and four species belonging to the genus Sergentomyia are the most prevalent sand flies in Sokoto State, Nigeria and they harbor L. infantum solely. The results shed light on why visceral leishmaniasis is the most predominant form of the disease. Therefore, we recommend that adequate care for dogs must be instituted as dogs are the major animal reservoir for L. infantum. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-08-31 /pmc/articles/PMC10500309/ /pubmed/37719668 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1219629 Text en Copyright © 2023 Usman, Natala, Jatau, Ogo, Jeelani, Goto, Nozaki, McKerrow and Balogun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Usman, Mahmud
Natala, Audu Joseph
Jatau, Isa Danladi
Ogo, Ndudim Isaac
Jeelani, Ghulam
Goto, Yasuyuki
Nozaki, Tomoyoshi
McKerrow, James H.
Balogun, Emmanuel Oluwadare
Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria
title Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria
title_full Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria
title_fullStr Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria
title_full_unstemmed Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria
title_short Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria
title_sort molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored leishmania spp. in sokoto state, nigeria
topic Cellular and Infection Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10500309/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37719668
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1219629
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