Radiation dose to staff from medical X-ray scatter in the orthopaedic theatre

PURPOSE: Given the growing demand for intraoperative imaging, there is increased concern for radiation dose for orthopaedic surgical staff. This study sought to determine the distribution of scatter radiation from fluoroscopic imaging in the orthopaedic surgical environment, with particular emphasis on the positions of personnel and the type of orthopaedic surgery performed. METHODS: A radiation survey detector was deployed at various angles and distances around an anthropomorphic phantom. The scatter dose rate in microsieverts per hour (µSv/h) was recorded using consistent exposure parameters for five common surgical procedures. A C-arm unit produced radiation for the hip arthroscopy, hip replacement and knee simulations, whilst a mini C-arm unit produced fluoroscopy for the foot and hand simulations. RESULTS: Readings were tabulated, and coloured heatmaps were generated from scatter measurements for each of the five procedures. Positions corresponding to the typical location of the surgical staff (surgeon, surgical assistant, anaesthetist, instrument (scrub) nurse, circulation (scout) nurse and anaesthetic nurse) were superimposed on heatmaps. The surgeon’s proximity to the radiation source meant this position experienced the greatest amount of radiation in all five surgical procedures. Mini C-arm doses were considered low in all procedures for positions, with and without lead protection. CONCLUSION: This investigation demonstrated the distribution of scattered radiation dose experienced at different positions within the orthopaedic surgical theatre. It reinforces the importance of staff increasing their distance from the primary beam where possible, reducing exposure time and increasing shielding with lead protection.