Dual Endothelin Antagonism with Aprocitentan as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Resistant Hypertension

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Resistant hypertension (RH) defined as uncontrolled blood pressure despite the use of a combination of a renin-angiotensin system blocker, a calcium channel blocker, and a diuretic at maximally tolerated doses is associated with a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular and renal events. Despite targeting relevant pathophysiological pathways contributing to elevated blood pressure, approximately 10–15% of hypertensive patients remain above recommended blood pressure targets. Further optimization of blood pressure control is particularly challenging in patient populations who frequently present with RH such as elderly and patients with chronic kidney disease, due to the unfavorable safety profile of the recommended fourth-line therapy with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. This review explores the potential role of endothelin antagonists as an alternative fourth-line therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: Despite the well-described role of the endothelin pathway in the pathogenesis of hypertension, it is currently not targeted therapeutically. Recently however, main outcome data from the PRECISION study, a randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, in patients with RH on guideline-recommended standardized single-pill background therapy convincingly demonstrated the safety and blood pressure-lowering efficacy of the dual endothelin antagonist Aprocitentan. SUMMARY: Findings from the phase 3 PRECISION study could signify a turning point in the utilization of endothelin receptor antagonists as a standard treatment for patients with RH.