Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis presenting with severe hydronephrosis: A rare case report

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis is a rare malignancy, accounting for fewer than 1 % of all kidney tumors. This form of cancer normally develops in the urinary tract's transitional epithelium, and its presence in the renal pelvis is extremely rare. CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, we discuss the clinical and pathological aspects of a patient with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. The patient, a 58-year-old man, had flank discomfort associated with burning micturition. A right nephrectomy was done after imaging investigations indicated right kidney hydronephrosis. The diagnosis of primary squamous cell carcinoma was confirmed by pathological investigation of the specimen. The patient has received 4cycles of chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine. One month later, the patient was referred for a metastatic mass in the chest wall. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Because of the tumor's rarity, diagnosis and therapy are difficult. This case report emphasizes the significance of including primary squamous cell carcinoma in the differential diagnosis of renal pelvic tumors, especially in individuals with risk factors such as smoking and chronic renal calculi. CONCLUSION: Renal pelvis squamous cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive, high-grade tumor with a poor prognosis. Chronic irritation plays a substantial role in the process. Thus, patients with a history of urolithiasis should be monitored closely.