Distinct trajectories of caregiver–toddler physiological attunement during routine vaccinations

INTRODUCTION: Toddlers rely on their caregivers for regulatory support when faced with pain-related distress. The caregiver's ability to support their toddler relies on their capacity to regulate their own distress and respond effectively to the child's need for support. The aim of the current study was to describe patterns of caregiver–toddler physiological co-regulatory patterns, also known as attunement, during routine vaccinations across the second year of life. METHODS: Caregiver–toddler dyads (N = 189) were part of a longitudinal cohort observed at either 12-, 18-, or 24-month well-baby vaccinations. Parallel-process growth-mixture modeling was used to examine patterns of dyadic physiological co-regulatory responses, indexed by high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV). RESULTS: Three groups of dyads were discerned. The largest group (approximately 80%) demonstrated physiological attunement, with a stable and parallel regulatory pattern of HF-HRV from baseline to postneedle. The second group (7.9%) had parallel regulatory trajectories but with notably lower (ie, less regulated) HF-HRV values, which indicates independent regulatory responses (ie, a lack of attunement among dyad members). The third group (11.1%) showed diverging regulatory trajectories: Caregivers showed a stable regulatory trajectory, but toddlers demonstrated a steep decrease followed by an increase in HF-HRV values that surpassed their baseline levels by the third minute postneedle. Post hoc analyses with the HF-HRV groupings explored heart rate patterns and potential predictors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings elucidate potential adaptive and maladaptive co-regulatory parasympathetic patterns in an acute pain context.