Global prevalence of Neospora caninum in rodents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

BACKGROUND: Neosporosis has been considered a cause of abortion in dairy and beef cattle worldwide. Rodents are reservoir hosts for several infectious diseases. It is necessary to determine the prevalence of Neospora caninum in rodents to improve the current understanding of the transmission dynamics of Neospora as well as its life cycle and risk of transmission to livestock. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to estimate the pooled global prevalence of N. caninum in different rodent species. METHODS: Published studies on the prevalence of N. caninum in different rodent species were searched in the MEDLINE/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar and the reference lists of the retrieved articles until July 30, 2022. The eligible studies were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The extracted data were verified and analysed using the random‐effect meta‐analysis. RESULT: For this meta‐analysis, a total of 4372 rodents from 26 eligible studies were included. The global prevalence of N. caninum in rodents was estimated at 5% (95% CI 2%–9%), with the highest prevalence in Asia (12%; 95% CI 6%–24%) and lowest prevalence in America (3%; 95% CI 1%–14%) and Europe (3%; 95% CI 1%–6%). N. caninum was more prevalent in females (4%; 95% CI 2%–9%) than in males (3%; 95% CI 1%–11%). The most common diagnostic test was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (21 studies). The pooled prevalence of N. caninum in rodents based on the diagnostic method was as follows: immunohistochemistry: 11% (95% CI 6%–20%), NAT: 5% (95% CI 4%–7%), IFAT: 5% (95% CI 2%–13%) and PCR: 3% (95% CI 1%–9%). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed a relatively low but widespread prevalence of N. caninum infection in rodents.