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Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits

OBJECTIVES: Japan's universal health insurance covers a wide range of dental treatments, and the co-payment rates differ by age. We investigated whether the inequality in gingival bleeding and dental visits was smaller amongst those with lower co-payment rates. METHODS: This cross-sectional stu...

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Autores principales: Nakazawa, Noriko, Kusama, Taro, Takeuchi, Kenji, Kiuchi, Sakura, Yamamoto, Tatsuo, Kondo, Katsunori, Osaka, Ken, Aida, Jun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10509420/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36642573
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2022.11.009
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author Nakazawa, Noriko
Kusama, Taro
Takeuchi, Kenji
Kiuchi, Sakura
Yamamoto, Tatsuo
Kondo, Katsunori
Osaka, Ken
Aida, Jun
author_facet Nakazawa, Noriko
Kusama, Taro
Takeuchi, Kenji
Kiuchi, Sakura
Yamamoto, Tatsuo
Kondo, Katsunori
Osaka, Ken
Aida, Jun
author_sort Nakazawa, Noriko
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVES: Japan's universal health insurance covers a wide range of dental treatments, and the co-payment rates differ by age. We investigated whether the inequality in gingival bleeding and dental visits was smaller amongst those with lower co-payment rates. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. The participants were functionally independent adults aged 65 years or older. The dependent variables were current gingival bleeding as a symptom of periodontal diseases and dental nonattendance for treatment in the past year. The independent variables were ridit scores of equivalent income and educational status. For covariates, we used age, sex, and the number of remaining teeth. To evaluate the inequalities, we used the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII). We also conducted stratified analyses by co-payment rates (30%, 20%, and 10%) to clarify the difference in inequalities by co-payment rate. RESULTS: A total of 15,389 participants were included in the analysis; their mean age was 71.8 (SD = 4.1) and 51.8% were women. There were significant absolute and relative inequalities in gingival bleeding and dental visits by equivalent income and education. With regards to educational status, inequalities were lower with a decrease in the co-payment rate. In particular, relative inequality by education in gingival bleeding was the largest amongst the 30% co-payment group (RII, 1.918; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.386 to 2.656). For gingival bleeding, the absolute and relative inequality by equivalent income were not significant amongst the 10% co-payment group (SII, −0.003; 95% CI, −0.003 to 0.028; RII, 1.006; 95% CI = 0.676 to 1.498). CONCLUSIONS: A low co-payment rate was associated with smaller inequalities in gingival bleeding and dental visits by equivalent income and educational status.
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spelling pubmed-105094202023-09-21 Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits Nakazawa, Noriko Kusama, Taro Takeuchi, Kenji Kiuchi, Sakura Yamamoto, Tatsuo Kondo, Katsunori Osaka, Ken Aida, Jun Int Dent J Scientific Research Report OBJECTIVES: Japan's universal health insurance covers a wide range of dental treatments, and the co-payment rates differ by age. We investigated whether the inequality in gingival bleeding and dental visits was smaller amongst those with lower co-payment rates. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. The participants were functionally independent adults aged 65 years or older. The dependent variables were current gingival bleeding as a symptom of periodontal diseases and dental nonattendance for treatment in the past year. The independent variables were ridit scores of equivalent income and educational status. For covariates, we used age, sex, and the number of remaining teeth. To evaluate the inequalities, we used the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII). We also conducted stratified analyses by co-payment rates (30%, 20%, and 10%) to clarify the difference in inequalities by co-payment rate. RESULTS: A total of 15,389 participants were included in the analysis; their mean age was 71.8 (SD = 4.1) and 51.8% were women. There were significant absolute and relative inequalities in gingival bleeding and dental visits by equivalent income and education. With regards to educational status, inequalities were lower with a decrease in the co-payment rate. In particular, relative inequality by education in gingival bleeding was the largest amongst the 30% co-payment group (RII, 1.918; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.386 to 2.656). For gingival bleeding, the absolute and relative inequality by equivalent income were not significant amongst the 10% co-payment group (SII, −0.003; 95% CI, −0.003 to 0.028; RII, 1.006; 95% CI = 0.676 to 1.498). CONCLUSIONS: A low co-payment rate was associated with smaller inequalities in gingival bleeding and dental visits by equivalent income and educational status. Elsevier 2023-01-13 /pmc/articles/PMC10509420/ /pubmed/36642573 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2022.11.009 Text en © 2022 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
spellingShingle Scientific Research Report
Nakazawa, Noriko
Kusama, Taro
Takeuchi, Kenji
Kiuchi, Sakura
Yamamoto, Tatsuo
Kondo, Katsunori
Osaka, Ken
Aida, Jun
Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits
title Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits
title_full Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits
title_fullStr Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits
title_full_unstemmed Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits
title_short Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits
title_sort co-payments and inequality in gingival bleeding and dental visits
topic Scientific Research Report
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10509420/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36642573
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2022.11.009
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