Optogenetic Calcium Ion Influx in Myoblasts and Myotubes by Near-Infrared Light Using Upconversion Nanoparticles

[Image: see text] Bioactuators made of cultured skeletal muscle cells are generally driven by electrical or visible light stimuli. Among these, the technology to control skeletal muscle consisting of myoblasts genetically engineered to express photoreceptor proteins with visible light is very promising, as there is no risk of cell contamination by electrodes, and the skeletal muscle bioactuator can be operated remotely. However, due to the low biopermeability of visible light, it can only be applied to thin skeletal muscle films, making it difficult to realize high-power bioactuators consisting of thick skeletal muscle. To solve this problem, it is desirable to realize thick skeletal muscle bioactuators that can be driven by near-infrared (NIR) light, to which living tissue is highly permeable. In this study, as a promising first step, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) capable of converting NIR light into blue light were bound to C2C12 myoblasts expressing the photoreceptor protein channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), and the myoblasts calcium ion (Ca(2+)) influx was remotely manipulated by NIR light exposure. UCNP-bound myoblasts and UCNP-bound differentiated myotubes were exposed to NIR light, and the intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations were measured and compared to myoblasts exposed to blue light. Exposure of the UCNP-bound cells to NIR light was found to be more efficient than exposure to blue light in terms of stimulating Ca(2+) influx.