The Role of Chloride ion in the Silicate Condensation Reaction from ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations

[Image: see text] The comprehension of silicate oligomer formation during the initial stage of zeolite synthesis is of significant importance. In this study, we investigated the effect of chloride ions (Cl(–)) on silicate oligomerization using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations with explicit water molecules. The results show that the presence of Cl(–) increases the free energy barriers of all reactions compared to the case without the anion. The formation of the 4-ring structure has the lowest free energy barrier (73 kJ/mol), while the formation of the 3-ring structure has the highest barrier (98 kJ/mol) in the presence of Cl(–). These findings suggest that Cl(–) suppresses the formation of 3-rings and favors the formation of larger oligomers in the process of zeolite synthesis. Our study provides important insights into the directing role of Cl(–) in silicate oligomerization by regulating thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. An important point to consider is the impact of the anion on aqueous reactions, particularly in altering the hydrogen bond network around reactive species. These results also provide a basis for further studies of the formations of larger silicate oligomers in solution.