Case-Control Trials on Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: The single risk factors of pancreatic cancer (PC) has been extensively studied. We aimed to synthesize results from such studies to identify and estimate multiple independent risk factors of PC. METHODS: Articles published up to Feb 28, 2020 in English or Chinese reporting risk factors of PC were reviewed. The fixed-effects model with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to calculate the pooled Odds Ratio (OR). Data were analyzed using RevMan 5.3. RESULTS: PC was significantly associated with smoking (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.61–1.92, P < 0.00001, I(2) = 6%), diabetes (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 2.52–2.88, P < 0.00001, I(2) = 0%), family history of PC (OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 2.13–3.11, P < 0.00001, I(2) = 0%), and chronic pancreatitis (OR: 5.84, 95% CI: 3.63–9.41, P < 0.00001, I(2) = 0%). CONCLUSION: Smoking, diabetes, family history of PC, and chronic pancreatitis were independent risk factors for PC. These independent risk factors have an important role in identifying high-risk groups, which is of great significance to reduce the incidence of PC and improve the quality of life and prognosis of patients.