A Case of Acute-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Ketoacidosis Triggered by COVID-19

Patient: Female, 52-year-old Final Diagnosis: COVID 19 infection • type 1 diabetes mellitus Symptoms: Disturbance of consciousness Clinical Procedure: Emergency treatment Specialty: Endocrinology and Metabolic • Infectious Diseases OBJECTIVE: Unusual clinical course BACKGROUND: It is well known that diabetes mellitus contributes to COVID-19 severity. Recently, there have been reports of an increase in the number of children with type 1 diabetes after the COVID-19 pandemic. CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department with disturbance of consciousness, accompanied by a 1-day history of thirst, a fever of 38°C, and breathlessness. She had a positive coronavirus antigen test. Her initial vital signs assessment showed a heart rate of 120 beats per minute, blood pressure 90/50 mmHg, temperature 37.3°C, and respiratory rate 30 breaths/minute with an oxygen saturation of 100% with 10 L oxygen inhalation. Her initial laboratory test results showed a blood glucose level of 1507 mg/dl, HbA1c of 10.1%, ketone 2+, and blood gas pH 7.113. The patient was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). There were mild inflammatory findings with blood CRP 0.14 mg/dl and a white cell count of 12 400/µL, but no pneumonia on a chest CT scan. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 and DKA. The patient was positive for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD antibody) and had markedly low levels 24-h urine C-peptide (CPR). She was diagnosed with acute-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus, as her blood examination showed a postprandial blood glucose level of 100 mg/dl and HbA1c of 5.7% 2 months before admission. After admission, fluid replacement and continuous intravenous insulin infusion therapy were started, and blood glucose and blood gas pH improved over 10 h. CONCLUSIONS: There have been reports of cases of type 1 diabetes consequences of COVID-19, but the mechanism has not been elucidated.