Impact of COVID-19 on the supply chain of essential health commodities: a mixed method study, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of COVID-19 in the late 2019 led to major global health crises, including morbidities and mortalities. The pandemic has adversely affected the supply chain of essential health commodities globally. However, such data from sub-Saharan Africa including Tanzania are largely limited. We assessed the impact of COVID-19 on the supply chain of essential health commodities in Tanzania. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with pragmatic mixed method design was conducted in Dar es Salaam region from January to June 2021. Grounded theory was adopted to purposeful select key informants (n = 15) from importers of essential health commodities and local pharmaceutical manufacturers. Community pharmacy dispensers (n = 242) were also recruited for the quantitative part of this study. The prices of selected tracer health commodities were extracted from the Tanzania Medicine and Medical Device Authority (TMDA) Regulatory Information Management system. The mean unit prices 1 year before the pandemic were compared with the mean prices 1 year during the pandemic using paired t test. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. RESULTS: The information regarding the impact of COVID-19 on the supply chain of essential health commodities was synthesized into three main themes namely, reduced availability of health commodities, increased price of health commodities and increased lead time for imported essential health commodities during COVID-19. Majority (90%) of community pharmacy dispensers reported that COVID-19 reduced the availability of essential health commodities. Azithromycin, Paracetamol, Multivitamin and Vitamin C tablets were the highly demanded products and their mean unit prices increased significantly during COVID-19 as compared to 1 year before the pandemic (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 led to shortage, increased prices and delayed delivery of essential health commodities. This might happen in the future whenever unexpected crises causing disruption in the supply chain occur underscoring the need for the country preparedness measures.