Functional connectome through the human life span

The functional connectome of the human brain represents the fundamental network architecture of functional interdependence in brain activity, but its normative growth trajectory across the life course remains unknown. Here, we aggregate the largest, quality-controlled multimodal neuroimaging dataset from 119 global sites, including 33,809 task-free fMRI and structural MRI scans from 32,328 individuals ranging in age from 32 postmenstrual weeks to 80 years. Lifespan growth charts of the connectome are quantified at the whole cortex, system, and regional levels using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. We report critical inflection points in the non-linear growth trajectories of the whole-brain functional connectome, particularly peaking in the fourth decade of life. Having established the first fine-grained, lifespan-spanning suite of system-level brain atlases, we generate person-specific parcellation maps and further show distinct maturation timelines for functional segregation within different subsystems. We identify a spatiotemporal gradient axis that governs the life-course growth of regional connectivity, transitioning from primary sensory cortices to higher-order association regions. Using the connectome-based normative model, we demonstrate substantial individual heterogeneities at the network level in patients with autism spectrum disorder and patients with major depressive disorder. Our findings shed light on the life-course evolution of the functional connectome and serve as a normative reference for quantifying individual variation in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders.