The effect of academic supervision, managerial competence, and teacher empowerment on teacher performance: the mediating role of teacher commitment

Background: Teacher commitment and performance are important factors contributing to student achievement and the quality of education. Therefore, it is critical to draw attention to this issue by identifying factors that influence these two variables. Methods: A survey, consisted of 34 closed-ended questions, was used. The total sample comprised 2,203 teachers, including 832 men and 1,371 women. Data analysis was performed using partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM). Model measurement employed indicator loading, convergent and discriminant validity, Cronbach's testing, composite reliability and average variance extracted (AVE) for internal consistency. Structural model measurement employed coefficient determination (R2), effect size (F2), variant inflation factor (VIF), predictive relevance (Q2) and path analysis measures. Results: The results of the study reveal that academic supervision has a significant positive effect on commitment (β; 0.085, t-statistics; 3.792 and p-value 0.000), academic supervision also affects teacher performance (β; 0.096, t-statistics; 4.416 and p-value 0.000), managerial competence affects teacher commitment (β; 0.195, t-statistics; 8.046 and p-value 0.000), managerial competence also affects teacher performance (β; 0.149, t-statistics; 6.561 and p-value 0.000), organizational commitment affects teacher performance (β; 0.163, t-statistics; 7.263 and p-value 0.000), teacher empowerment affects teacher commitment (β; 0.489, t-statistics; 22.601 and p-value 0.000), and teacher empowerment affects teacher performance (β; 0.489, t-statistics; 22.601 and p-value 0.000). Academic supervision affects teacher commitment mediating by teacher performance (β; 0.014, t-statistics; 3.178 and p-value of 0.001). Managerial competence affects teacher commitment with teacher performance mediation (β; 0.032, t-statistics; 5.588 and p-value 0.000), and teacher empowerment affects teacher commitment with teacher performance mediation (β; 0.080, t-statistics; 7.050 and p-value 0.000). Conclusion: Academic supervision, managerial competence, and teacher empowerment significantly positively affect teacher performance directly and through teacher performance as mediating variable. Teacher empowerment is the most significant factor influencing teacher performance and commitment.