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Surface modification of Polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach

Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is increasingly becoming popular in medicine because of its excellent mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and chemical resistance properties. However, PEEK being bioinert, has weak bone osseointegration properties, limiting its clinical applications. In this stu...

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Autores principales: Dua, Rupak, Sharufa, Onessa, Terry, Joi, Dunn, William, Khurana, Indu, Vadivel, Jagasivamani, Zhang, Yue, Donahue, Henry J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10517429/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37744253
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1202499
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author Dua, Rupak
Sharufa, Onessa
Terry, Joi
Dunn, William
Khurana, Indu
Vadivel, Jagasivamani
Zhang, Yue
Donahue, Henry J.
author_facet Dua, Rupak
Sharufa, Onessa
Terry, Joi
Dunn, William
Khurana, Indu
Vadivel, Jagasivamani
Zhang, Yue
Donahue, Henry J.
author_sort Dua, Rupak
collection PubMed
description Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is increasingly becoming popular in medicine because of its excellent mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and chemical resistance properties. However, PEEK being bioinert, has weak bone osseointegration properties, limiting its clinical applications. In this study, a porous PEEK structure was developed using a chemical etching method with 98 wt% sulfuric acids and three post-treatments were performed to improve bone cell adhesion and proliferation. Four groups of PEEK samples were prepared for the study: Control (untreated; Group 1); Etched with sulfuric acid and washed with distilled water (Group 2); Etched with sulfuric acid and washed with acetone and distilled water (Group 3); and Etched with sulfuric acid and washed with 4 wt% sodium hydroxide and distilled water (Group 4). Surface characterization of the different groups was evaluated for surface topology, porosity, roughness, and wettability using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, profilometer, and goniometer. Further chemical characterization was done using Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to analyze the elements on the surface of each group. Bone cell studies were conducted using cell toxicity and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) assays. The SEM analysis of the different groups revealed porous structures in the treatment groups, while the control group showed a flat topology. There was no statistically significant difference between the pore size within the treated groups. This was further confirmed by the roughness values measured with the profilometer. We found a statistically significant increase in the roughness from 7.22 × 10(−3) μm for the control group to the roughness range of 0.1 µm for the treated groups (Groups 2–4). EDX analysis revealed the presence of a 0.1% weight concentration of sodium on the surface of Group 4, while sulfur weight percentage concentration was 1.1%, 0.1%, and 1.4% in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, indicating different surface chemistry on the surface due to different post-treatments. Cell toxicity decreased, and ALP activity increased in groups 3 and 4 over 7 days compared with the control group. It is demonstrated that the surface modification of PEEK using a chemical etching method with post-processing with either acetone or sodium hydroxide provides a nano-porous structure with improved properties, leading to enhanced osteoblastic cell differentiation and osteogenic potential.
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spelling pubmed-105174292023-09-24 Surface modification of Polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach Dua, Rupak Sharufa, Onessa Terry, Joi Dunn, William Khurana, Indu Vadivel, Jagasivamani Zhang, Yue Donahue, Henry J. Front Bioeng Biotechnol Bioengineering and Biotechnology Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is increasingly becoming popular in medicine because of its excellent mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and chemical resistance properties. However, PEEK being bioinert, has weak bone osseointegration properties, limiting its clinical applications. In this study, a porous PEEK structure was developed using a chemical etching method with 98 wt% sulfuric acids and three post-treatments were performed to improve bone cell adhesion and proliferation. Four groups of PEEK samples were prepared for the study: Control (untreated; Group 1); Etched with sulfuric acid and washed with distilled water (Group 2); Etched with sulfuric acid and washed with acetone and distilled water (Group 3); and Etched with sulfuric acid and washed with 4 wt% sodium hydroxide and distilled water (Group 4). Surface characterization of the different groups was evaluated for surface topology, porosity, roughness, and wettability using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, profilometer, and goniometer. Further chemical characterization was done using Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to analyze the elements on the surface of each group. Bone cell studies were conducted using cell toxicity and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) assays. The SEM analysis of the different groups revealed porous structures in the treatment groups, while the control group showed a flat topology. There was no statistically significant difference between the pore size within the treated groups. This was further confirmed by the roughness values measured with the profilometer. We found a statistically significant increase in the roughness from 7.22 × 10(−3) μm for the control group to the roughness range of 0.1 µm for the treated groups (Groups 2–4). EDX analysis revealed the presence of a 0.1% weight concentration of sodium on the surface of Group 4, while sulfur weight percentage concentration was 1.1%, 0.1%, and 1.4% in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, indicating different surface chemistry on the surface due to different post-treatments. Cell toxicity decreased, and ALP activity increased in groups 3 and 4 over 7 days compared with the control group. It is demonstrated that the surface modification of PEEK using a chemical etching method with post-processing with either acetone or sodium hydroxide provides a nano-porous structure with improved properties, leading to enhanced osteoblastic cell differentiation and osteogenic potential. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-09-07 /pmc/articles/PMC10517429/ /pubmed/37744253 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1202499 Text en Copyright © 2023 Dua, Sharufa, Terry, Dunn, Khurana, Vadivel, Zhang and Donahue. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Dua, Rupak
Sharufa, Onessa
Terry, Joi
Dunn, William
Khurana, Indu
Vadivel, Jagasivamani
Zhang, Yue
Donahue, Henry J.
Surface modification of Polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach
title Surface modification of Polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach
title_full Surface modification of Polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach
title_fullStr Surface modification of Polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach
title_full_unstemmed Surface modification of Polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach
title_short Surface modification of Polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach
title_sort surface modification of polyether-ether-ketone for enhanced cell response: a chemical etching approach
topic Bioengineering and Biotechnology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10517429/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37744253
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1202499
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