The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Facial Movements Reveals the Left Side of a Posed Smile

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Humans have the amazing ability to make thousands of different facial expressions due to the existence of two different brain pathways for facial expressions: The Voluntary Pathway, which controls intentional expressions, and the Involuntary Pathway, which is activated for spontaneous expressions. These two pathways could also differentially influence the left and right sides of the face when we make a posed smile or a spontaneous smile, an issue that has not been studied carefully before. In two experiments, we found a double-peak pattern: compared to the felt smile, the posed smile involves a faster and wider movement in the left corner of the mouth, while an early deceleration of the right corner occurs in the second phase of the movement, after the speed peak. Our findings will aid to clarify the lateralized bases of emotion expression. ABSTRACT: Humans can recombine thousands of different facial expressions. This variability is due to the ability to voluntarily or involuntarily modulate emotional expressions, which, in turn, depends on the existence of two anatomically separate pathways. The Voluntary (VP) and Involuntary (IP) pathways mediate the production of posed and spontaneous facial expressions, respectively, and might also affect the left and right sides of the face differently. This is a neglected aspect in the literature on emotion, where posed expressions instead of genuine expressions are often used as stimuli. Two experiments with different induction methods were specifically designed to investigate the unfolding of spontaneous and posed facial expressions of happiness along the facial vertical axis (left, right) with a high-definition 3-D optoelectronic system. The results showed that spontaneous expressions were distinguished from posed facial movements as revealed by reliable spatial and speed key kinematic patterns in both experiments. Moreover, VP activation produced a lateralization effect: compared with the felt smile, the posed smile involved an initial acceleration of the left corner of the mouth, while an early deceleration of the right corner occurred in the second phase of the movement, after the velocity peak.