Effect of Dietary Selenium on the Growth and Immune Systems of Fish

SIMPLE SUMMARY: This paper addresses the various sources of Se in the aquatic environment as well as the positive and negative effects on fish. It emphasizes that optimal dietary Se levels are necessary for healthy biological processes in fish, such as growth, reproduction, and immunity. Since organic Se appears to be the most ideal for fish due to its low toxicity, environmental safety, and efficient fish culture, it explores the potential sources and forms of Se. Extreme doses could be toxic to fish, and higher levels could cause retarded growth, survival issues, abnormalities, and poor performance. However, adverse effects depend on the acceptance of the fish species. Additionally, there are a number of biological techniques that may be used to remove excess Se from the aquatic environment, with phytoremediation being the most effective. The production of Se-rich feeds and their benefits for fish immune systems, disease prevention, and growth development are discussed in this article. These factors contribute to the profitability of fish farmers and their confidence in the feed industry. In order to monitor and study Se’s effects on fish and their aquatic environment, the report highlights the significance of the feed industry and how it connects farmers with research institutions. ABSTRACT: Dietary selenium (Se) is an essential component that supports fish growth and the immune system. This review attempts to provide insight into the biological impacts of dietary Se, including immunological responses, infection defense, and fish species growth, and it also identifies the routes via which it enters the aquatic environment. Dietary Se is important in fish feed due to its additive, antioxidant, and enzyme properties, which aid in various biological processes. However, excessive intake of it may harm aquatic ecosystems and potentially disrupt the food chain. This review explores the diverse natures of dietary Se, their impact on fish species, and the biological methods for eliminating excesses in aquatic environments. Soil has a potential role in the distribution of Se through erosion from agricultural, industrial, and mine sites. The research on dietary Se’s effects on fish immune system and growth can provide knowledge regarding fish health, fish farming strategies, and the health of aquatic ecosystems, promoting the feed industry and sustainable aquaculture. This review provides data and references from various research studies on managing Se levels in aquatic ecosystems, promoting fish conservation, and utilizing Se in farmed fish diets.