Low Alanine-Aminotransferase Blood Activity Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 716 Patients

SIMPLE SUMMARY: For many patients with chronic diseases, both the prognosis (future prospects) and the optional treatments are dependent not only on the nature of disease but also on the patients themselves: how robust or frail they were prior to their illness. The degree of frailty (opposite of robustness) can be measured by a simple blood test (called ALT). In this research, we found that low ALT, suggestive of frailty, is associated with worse outcomes among CLL patients. We encourage physicians, therefore, to incorporate this blood test in their appreciation of CLL patients. ABSTRACT: Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one of the most common hematologic malignancies, especially among elderlies. Several prognostic scores are available that utilize the characteristics of patients’ blood counts and cytogenetic anomalies—all are features of the disease rather than of the patient. Addressing the route of personalized rather than precise medicine, we refer to the assessment of patients’ status of sarcopenia and frailty. Low alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was already shown to function as a surrogate marker for sarcopenia and frailty. We decided to find a possible correlation between low ALT values and poor prognosis of CLL patients. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of CLL patients treated in a large, tertiary medical center, as outpatients or inpatients. Their frailty status was evaluated in a retrospective manner. We defined patients with ALT below 12 IU/L as frail and divided our cohort into two groups including a low ALT level group (ALT < 12) and a normal ALT level group (ALT [Formula: see text] 12). Results: Overall, our final analysis included 716 CLL patients, of which 161 (22.5%) had ALT levels lower than 12 IU/L. There was no significant difference in patients’ age between the two groups. Patients with the low ALT had a lower hemoglobin concentration (median 10.8 g/dL [IQR = 2.7] vs. 12.2 [IQR = 3.1]; p < 0.001) and a higher proportion of patients were classified as Binet C score [48.4% vs. 31.1%]; p < 0.001). Frail CLL patients’ survival was significantly shorter when compared to non-frail patients, in both the univariate [HR = 1.6 [95% confidence interval, CI 1.23, 2.0]; p < 0.01] and multivariate analyses [HR = 1.3 [95% CI 1.0, 1.7]; p = 0.03]. Conclusions: Sarcopenia and frailty assessment, based on blood ALT measurements, could potentially point out differences in CLL patients’ prognoses. Such assessment could serve the purpose of treatment personalization of CLL patients.