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Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia

(1) Background: Saudi Arabia (SA) is a country with a low incidence of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we sought to assess the epidemiology of GC, its clinicopathological profiles, and its association with risk factors as well as to identify premalignant gastric lesions (PGL) and examine neoplas...

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Autores principales: Zacharakis, Georgios, Almasoud, Abdulaziz, Arahmane, Omar, Alzahrani, Jamaan, Al-Ghamdi, Sameer
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10528333/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37754520
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30090605
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author Zacharakis, Georgios
Almasoud, Abdulaziz
Arahmane, Omar
Alzahrani, Jamaan
Al-Ghamdi, Sameer
author_facet Zacharakis, Georgios
Almasoud, Abdulaziz
Arahmane, Omar
Alzahrani, Jamaan
Al-Ghamdi, Sameer
author_sort Zacharakis, Georgios
collection PubMed
description (1) Background: Saudi Arabia (SA) is a country with a low incidence of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we sought to assess the epidemiology of GC, its clinicopathological profiles, and its association with risk factors as well as to identify premalignant gastric lesions (PGL) and examine neoplastic progression. (2) Methods: This five-year prospective study screened for GC and PGL in asymptomatic Saudi patients, aged 45–75 years (n = 35,640) and living in Al Kharj, Riyadh province in central SA. Those who were positive in a high-sensitivity guaiac fecal occult blood test (HSgFOBT+) and had negative results in colonoscopy offered to undergo upper GI endoscopy (n = 1242). Factors associated with GC were examined. (3) Results: The five-year participation rate was 87% (1080/1242). The incidence rate of GC was 26.9 new cases per 100,000 population per year (9.6 new cases per year/total population at risk—35,640), and it was 8.9 cases per 1000 persons per year among the 1080 subjects with HSgFOBT+ and negative colonoscopy results. The five-year mortality rate was 67% among patients with GC (n = 48), 3.0% among participants in the gastric screening program (n = 1080) and 0.09% among the original population participating in the colorectal screening program (n = 35,640). Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma was the most frequent type (77%), with the tumor most commonly located in the antrum (41%). Overall, 334 participants had PGL, and seven of them (2.1%) showed neoplastic progression to GC during the follow-up. Factors associated with GC were age, Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, obesity (body mass index BMI > 30), smoking, a diet of salty preserved foods, low income and a family history of GC. (4) Conclusions: The incidence of GC is low in central SA, but screening for PGL and GC among patients with HSgFOBT+ and negative colonoscopy may prevent or result in the early treatment of GC. HP eradication, normal body weight, not smoking and adhering to a healthy diet can reduce the risk of GC. The resulting data provide important input for the improvement of national guidelines.
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spelling pubmed-105283332023-09-28 Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia Zacharakis, Georgios Almasoud, Abdulaziz Arahmane, Omar Alzahrani, Jamaan Al-Ghamdi, Sameer Curr Oncol Article (1) Background: Saudi Arabia (SA) is a country with a low incidence of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we sought to assess the epidemiology of GC, its clinicopathological profiles, and its association with risk factors as well as to identify premalignant gastric lesions (PGL) and examine neoplastic progression. (2) Methods: This five-year prospective study screened for GC and PGL in asymptomatic Saudi patients, aged 45–75 years (n = 35,640) and living in Al Kharj, Riyadh province in central SA. Those who were positive in a high-sensitivity guaiac fecal occult blood test (HSgFOBT+) and had negative results in colonoscopy offered to undergo upper GI endoscopy (n = 1242). Factors associated with GC were examined. (3) Results: The five-year participation rate was 87% (1080/1242). The incidence rate of GC was 26.9 new cases per 100,000 population per year (9.6 new cases per year/total population at risk—35,640), and it was 8.9 cases per 1000 persons per year among the 1080 subjects with HSgFOBT+ and negative colonoscopy results. The five-year mortality rate was 67% among patients with GC (n = 48), 3.0% among participants in the gastric screening program (n = 1080) and 0.09% among the original population participating in the colorectal screening program (n = 35,640). Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma was the most frequent type (77%), with the tumor most commonly located in the antrum (41%). Overall, 334 participants had PGL, and seven of them (2.1%) showed neoplastic progression to GC during the follow-up. Factors associated with GC were age, Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, obesity (body mass index BMI > 30), smoking, a diet of salty preserved foods, low income and a family history of GC. (4) Conclusions: The incidence of GC is low in central SA, but screening for PGL and GC among patients with HSgFOBT+ and negative colonoscopy may prevent or result in the early treatment of GC. HP eradication, normal body weight, not smoking and adhering to a healthy diet can reduce the risk of GC. The resulting data provide important input for the improvement of national guidelines. MDPI 2023-09-11 /pmc/articles/PMC10528333/ /pubmed/37754520 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30090605 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Zacharakis, Georgios
Almasoud, Abdulaziz
Arahmane, Omar
Alzahrani, Jamaan
Al-Ghamdi, Sameer
Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia
title Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia
title_full Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia
title_fullStr Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia
title_full_unstemmed Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia
title_short Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia
title_sort epidemiology, risk factors for gastric cancer and surveillance of premalignant gastric lesions: a prospective cohort study of central saudi arabia
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10528333/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37754520
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30090605
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