Benchmarking the placement of hydrosulfide in the Hofmeister series using a bambus[6]uril-based ChemFET sensor

Hydrosulfide (HS(−)) is the conjugate base of gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and is a physiologically-relevant small molecule of great interest in the anion sensing community. However, selective sensing and molecular recognition of HS(−) in water remains difficult because, in addition to the diffuse charge and high solvation energy of anions, HS(−) is highly nucleophilic and readily oxidizes into other reactive sulfur species. Moreover, the direct placement of HS(−) in the Hofmeister series remains unclear. Supramolecular host–guest interactions provide a promising platform on which to recognize and bind hydrosulfide, and characterizing the placement of HS(−) in the Hofmeister series would facilitate the future design of selective receptors for this challenging anion. Few examples of supramolecular HS(−) binding have been reported, but the Sindelar group reported HS(−) binding in water using bambus[6]uril macrocycles in 2018. We used this HS(−) binding platform as a starting point to develop a chemically-sensitive field effect transistor (ChemFET) to facilitate assigning HS(−) to a specific place in the Hofmeister series. Specifically, we prepared dodeca-n-butyl bambus[6]uril and incorporated it into a ChemFET as the HS(−) receptor motif. The resultant device provided an amperometric response to HS(−), and we used this device to measure the response of other anions, including SO(4)(2−), F(−), Cl(−), Br(−), NO(3)(−), ClO(4)(−), and I(−). Using this response data, we were able to experimentally determine that HS(−) lies between Cl(−) and Br(−) in the Hofmeister series, which matches recent theoretical computational work that predicted a similar placement. Taken together, these results highlight the potential of using molecular recognition coupled with ChemFET architectures to develop new approaches for direct and reversible HS(−) detection and measurement in water and further advance our understanding of different recognition approaches for this challenging anion.